Ch. 12 Key Concepts: - Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells. - The mitotic phase alternates with the interphase in the cell cycle. - The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system.
Terms : Hide Images
| 2778266214 | cell division | The process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells. | 0 | |
| 2778266215 | cell cycle | The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo to turn one mother cell into two identical daughter cells. Includes two broad phases; interphase and M phase. | 1 | |
| 2835014629 | chromosomes | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. | 2 | |
| 2835015535 | somatic cells | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors. | 3 | |
| 2835015536 | gametes | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. | 4 | |
| 2835015537 | chromatin | Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones | 5 | |
| 2835016265 | sister chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. | 6 | |
| 2835016266 | centromere | the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. | 7 | |
| 2835016267 | mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei. | 8 | |
| 2835506171 | cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm during cell division | 9 | |
| 2835506172 | meiosis | A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. | 10 | |
| 2835507235 | mitotic (M) phase | mitosis separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei. It is followed by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle. | 11 | |
| 2835507236 | interphase | A period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins. Includes three subphases of G1, S, and G2. | 12 | |
| 2835507237 | G1 phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. | 13 | |
| 2835507963 | S phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. | 14 | |
| 2835507964 | G2 phase | The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. | 15 | |
| 2835507965 | prophase | Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms | 16 | |
| 2835508587 | prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. | 17 | |
| 2835508588 | metaphase | Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles | 18 | |
| 2835508589 | anaphase | Third phase of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of the two poles of the cell | 19 | |
| 2835509130 | mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. | 20 | |
| 2835509131 | centromere | Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are attached to one another. | 21 | |
| 2835509135 | aster | Cellular structure shaped like a star, formed around each centrosome during mitosis in an animal cell. Astral rays, composed of microtubules, radiate from the centrosphere and look like a cloud. | 22 | |
| 2835510435 | kinetochore | A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. | 23 | |
| 2835510436 | metaphase plate | An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located. | 24 | |
| 2835511333 | cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically. | 25 | |
| 2835511334 | cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | 26 | |
| 2835511335 | cell plate | A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. | 27 | |
| 2835511986 | binary fission | A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size | 28 | |
| 2835511987 | origin of replication | Particular sequence in genome where DNA replication begins. May be single (prokaryotes) or multiple (eukaryotes). | 29 | |
| 2835512942 | cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. | 30 | |
| 2835512943 | checkpoint | A critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. | 31 | |
| 2835513465 | G0 phase | A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. | 32 | |
| 2835513466 | cyclin | one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells | 33 | |
| 2835514004 | cyclin-dependent kinases | enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle | 34 | |
| 2835514005 | MPF | Maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase. | 35 | |
| 2835514006 | growth factor | (1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. | 36 | |
| 2835515081 | density-dependent inhibition | A characteristic of normal cells grown in culture that causes cell division to cease when the culture becomes too crowded | 37 | |
| 2835515082 | anchorage dependence | The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface. | 38 | |
| 2835515083 | transformation | Modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA | 39 | |
| 2835515957 | benign tumor | An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body. | 40 | |
| 2835515958 | malignant tumor | An abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor. | 41 | |
| 2835517144 | metastasis | The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site | 42 |
