Protestant Reformation
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| 2440741384 | 392, simony | the buying and selling of church (bishops, archbishops) offices within the Catholic Church *evidence of growing corruption of Catholic in late middle ages | 0 | |
| 2440741385 | 392, pluralism | a church official holding more than one office (bishop, archbishop, etc) at a time *evidence of growing corruption of Catholic in late middle ages | 1 | |
| 2440741386 | 392, clerical ignorance | term defining that many priests were virtually illiterate. *evidence of growing corruption of Catholic in late middle ages | 2 | |
| 2440741387 | 393, Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. *evidence the new religious, intellectual, cultural and social values of the era | 3 | |
| 2440741388 | 394, sale of indulgences | The issue that initiated the Protestant Reformation--paying a fee to the Church so that a person could escape purgatory and go to heaven (began in the Crusades) used to raise money for the Church *evidence of growing corruption of Catholic in late middle ages | 4 | |
| 2440741389 | 395, 1517 (HUB DATE) | Considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses. | 5 | |
| 2440741390 | 395, Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. "Here I stand, I can do no other" *evidence of initial reaction by Catholic church to growing Protestant threat | 6 | |
| 2440741391 | 397, Ulrich Zwingli | Student of humanism who preached from Erasmus' edition of the New Greek Testament. In contrast to Luther, he saw the Eucharist as only symbolic, and that Luther's view was too Catholic in its foundation. This became the first dispute among Protestants dealing with issues of doctrine. *evidence the new religious, intellectual, cultural and social values of the era | 7 | |
| 2440741392 | 400, Anabaptists | A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 8 | |
| 2440741393 | 400, Quakers | In England, emphasized pacifism; thousands came to America where they founded and controlled Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 9 | |
| 2440741394 | 402, Peasant Revolt of 1525 | Bands of angry German peasants that went about the country side raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning feeling that they could defy all injustices and still go to heaven with Luther's teachings.German peasants demanded an end to serfdom. Raided monasteries, pillaging and burning. This revolt horrified Luther, told German princes to crush the revolt. thousands were killed. Peasants then rejected Luther's religious leadership (felt betrayed), *evidence of the social and political influence of protestantism. Also shows Luther was truly a conservative on social and political issues. | 10 | |
| 2440741395 | 405, Charles V | Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563). *evidence of the growing power of monarch and a prime example of how political secular leaders began to dominate religious issues | 11 | |
| 2440741396 | 407, Peace of Augsburg | 1555 Gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state (Catholicism or Lutheranism) based on "cuius regio, eius religio" (whose religion, his religion) *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 12 | |
| 2440741397 | 407, 1555 (HUB DATE) | Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire had religious civil war for over 3 decades (between Protestants and Catholics), so Charles V agrees to allow Lutheranism. | 13 | |
| 2440741398 | 407, Henry VIII | King of England from 1509 to 1547; 2nd of the Tudor monarchs. Had earlier been a conservative and critical of Lutheranism and reform. His desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. He later established the Church of England in 1532. *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 14 | |
| 2440741399 | 409, Act of Supremacy | Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 15 | |
| 2440741400 | 409, Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 16 | |
| 2440741401 | 409, Pilgrimage of Grace | An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power. *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 17 | |
| 2440741402 | 409, Mary Tudor "Bloody Mary" | during her five year reign as queen of England, she tried to reimpose Catholicism in England, by means of persecuting Protestants. Around 300 people were executed, mostly her opponents. Daughter of Henry VII and Catherine of Aragon; Queen of England 1516-1558. *evidence of the struggle between religion and secular control over the church | 18 | |
| 2440741403 | 409, Elizabeth I | Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading England to the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII. Politique. *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 19 | |
| 2440741404 | 409, Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Church of England (Anglican church) of any Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 20 | |
| 2440741405 | 410, 1588 (HUB DATE) | Spanish Armada defeated "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance. | 21 | |
| 2440741406 | 410, John Calvin | Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later trained as a lawyer. Influenced by humanism, especially Erasmus. Exiled to Switzerland due to his reform ideas. Created foundational work for Calvinism in which salvation is based upon predestination *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 22 | |
| 2440741407 | 412, Protestant work ethic | Ethic in which Calvinists later emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased *evidence of the social and economic influences of the Protestant Reformation | 23 | |
| 2440741408 | 412, John Knox | Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 24 | |
| 2440741409 | 412, Presbyterianism | a branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 25 | |
| 2440741410 | 414, Catholic (Counter) Reformation | The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself and weaken the growths of Protestantism *evidence of the attempts by Catholic church to stem the tide of Protestantism | 26 | |
| 2440741411 | 414, Council of Trent | A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers. *evidence of the attempts by Catholic church to stem the tide of Protestantism | 27 | |
| 2440741412 | 414, Index of Prohibited Books | Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could lead to severe punishment *evidence of the attempts by Catholic church to stem the tide of Protestantism | 28 | |
| 2440741413 | 416, Jesuits (Society of Jesus) | had 3 goals, reform the church through education, spread the Gospel to pagan peoples, fight Protestantism *evidence of the attempts by Catholic church to stem the tide of Protestantism | 29 | |
| 2440741414 | 418, Huguenots | a French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 30 | |
| 2440741415 | 419, Politique | A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France). *evidence of the political influence of the Reformation | 31 | |
| 2440741416 | 419, Edict of Nantes | 1598 proclamation that recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but also gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges *evidence of the ongoing struggle between Protestants and Catholic, but the growing acceptance of Protestant faiths | 32 | |
| 2440741417 | 420, witch hunts | Thousands of women were murdered by both protestants and catholics for being heretics. Caused by religious reformers' preachings about the Devil and severe economic hardships (1560-1660) witches were mainly widows and single women (independent) *evidence of misogyny and limited role of women in the era, | 33 | |
| 2440741418 | 392, simony | the buying and selling of church (bishops, archbishops) offices within the Catholic Church *evidence of growing corruption of Catholic in late middle ages | 34 | |
| 2440741419 | 392, pluralism | a church official holding more than one office (bishop, archbishop, etc) at a time *evidence of growing corruption of Catholic in late middle ages | 35 | |
| 2440741420 | 392, clerical ignorance | term defining that many priests were virtually illiterate. *evidence of growing corruption of Catholic in late middle ages | 36 | |
| 2440741421 | 394, sale of indulgences | The issue that initiated the Protestant Reformation--paying a fee to the Church so that a person could escape purgatory and go to heaven (began in the Crusades) used to raise money for the Church *evidence of growing corruption of Catholic in late middle ages | 37 | |
| 2440741422 | 393, Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. *evidence the new religious, intellectual, cultural and social values of the era | 38 | |
| 2440741423 | 397, Ulrich Zwingli | Student of humanism who preached from Erasmus' edition of the New Greek Testament. In contrast to Luther, he saw the Eucharist as only symbolic, and that Luther's view was too Catholic in its foundation. This became the first dispute among Protestants dealing with issues of doctrine. *evidence the new religious, intellectual, cultural and social values of the era | 39 | |
| 2440741424 | 395, Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. "Here I stand, I can do no other" *evidence of initial reaction by Catholic church to growing Protestant threat | 40 | |
| 2440741425 | 400, Anabaptists | A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 41 | |
| 2440741426 | 402, Peasant Revolt of 1525 | Bands of angry German peasants that went about the country side raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning feeling that they could defy all injustices and still go to heaven with Luther's teachings.German peasants demanded an end to serfdom. Raided monasteries, pillaging and burning. This revolt horrified Luther, told German princes to crush the revolt. thousands were killed. Peasants then rejected Luther's religious leadership (felt betrayed), *evidence of the social and political influence of protestantism. Also shows Luther was truly a conservative on social and political issues. | 42 | |
| 2440741427 | 395, 1517 (HUB DATE) | Considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses. | 43 | |
| 2440741428 | 400, Quakers | In England, emphasized pacifism; thousands came to America where they founded and controlled Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 44 | |
| 2440741429 | 405, Charles V | Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563). *evidence of the growing power of monarch and a prime example of how political secular leaders began to dominate religious issues | 45 | |
| 2440741430 | 407, Peace of Augsburg | 1555 Gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state (Catholicism or Lutheranism) based on "cuius regio, eius religio" (whose religion, his religion) *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 46 | |
| 2440741431 | 407, 1555 (HUB DATE) | Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire had religious civil war for over 3 decades (between Protestants and Catholics), so Charles V agrees to allow Lutheranism. | 47 | |
| 2440741432 | 407, Henry VIII | King of England from 1509 to 1547; 2nd of the Tudor monarchs. Had earlier been a conservative and critical of Lutheranism and reform. His desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. He later established the Church of England in 1532. *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 48 | |
| 2440741433 | 409, Act of Supremacy | Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 49 | |
| 2440741434 | 409, Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 50 | |
| 2440741435 | 409, Pilgrimage of Grace | An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power. *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 51 | |
| 2440741436 | 409, Mary Tudor "Bloody Mary" | during her five year reign as queen of England, she tried to reimpose Catholicism in England, by means of persecuting Protestants. Around 300 people were executed, mostly her opponents. Daughter of Henry VII and Catherine of Aragon; Queen of England 1516-1558. *evidence of the struggle between religion and secular control over the church | 52 | |
| 2440741437 | 409, Elizabeth I | Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading England to the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII. Politique. *evidence of the supremacy of political power over religious influence | 53 | |
| 2440741438 | 409, Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Church of England (Anglican church) of any Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 54 | |
| 2440741439 | 410, John Calvin | Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later trained as a lawyer. Influenced by humanism, especially Erasmus. Exiled to Switzerland due to his reform ideas. Created foundational work for Calvinism in which salvation is based upon predestination *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 55 | |
| 2440741440 | 412, Protestant work ethic | Ethic in which Calvinists later emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased *evidence of the social and economic influences of the Protestant Reformation | 56 | |
| 2440741441 | 412, John Knox | Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 57 | |
| 2440741442 | 412, Presbyterianism | a branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 58 | |
| 2440741443 | 410, 1588 (HUB DATE) | Spanish Armada defeated "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance. | 59 | |
| 2440741444 | 414, Catholic (Counter) Reformation | The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself and weaken the growths of Protestantism *evidence of the attempts by Catholic church to stem the tide of Protestantism | 60 | |
| 2440741445 | 414, Council of Trent | A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers. *evidence of the attempts by Catholic church to stem the tide of Protestantism | 61 | |
| 2440741446 | 414, Index of Prohibited Books | Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could lead to severe punishment *evidence of the attempts by Catholic church to stem the tide of Protestantism | 62 | |
| 2440741447 | 416, Jesuits (Society of Jesus) | had 3 goals, reform the church through education, spread the Gospel to pagan peoples, fight Protestantism *evidence of the attempts by Catholic church to stem the tide of Protestantism | 63 | |
| 2440741448 | 418, Huguenots | a French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries *evidence of many various paths of Protestant faiths | 64 | |
| 2440741449 | 419, Politique | A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France). *evidence of the political influence of the Reformation | 65 | |
| 2440741450 | 419, Edict of Nantes | 1598 proclamation that recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but also gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges *evidence of the ongoing struggle between Protestants and Catholic, but the growing acceptance of Protestant faiths | 66 | |
| 2440741451 | 420, witch hunts | Thousands of women were murdered by both protestants and catholics for being heretics. Caused by religious reformers' preachings about the Devil and severe economic hardships (1560-1660) witches were mainly widows and single women (independent) *evidence of misogyny and limited role of women in the era, | 67 |
