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| 12295446055 | Great Dying | The time in which Europeans brought back diseases and ailments from Europe and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and the bubonic plague (Black Death) to America. Over 90 percent of the Native American population was wiped out as a result. |  | 0 |
| 12295446056 | Little Ice Age | A temporary but significant cooling period between 1300 to 1800 CE followed by wide temperature alterations: droughts and storms that caused famines and dislocation. |  | 1 |
| 12295446057 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's maritime voyages to the Caribbean/Hispaniola. |  | 2 |
| 12295446058 | Mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promotes overseas trade between a country and its colonies in order to accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. |  | 3 |
| 12295446059 | Bullion | Bars of silver and gold ingot. | 4 | |
| 12295446060 | Ecomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. |  | 5 |
| 12295446061 | Repartimiento | A replacement of the ecomienda with news laws that mandated the repartimiento system. |  | 6 |
| 12295446062 | Hacienda | A rural estate that produced primarily for American consumers, which became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy. |  | 7 |
| 12295446063 | Peninsulares | People who were born in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain or Portugal). They saw themselves as "pure" Spanish/Portuguese and better than the Creoles. |  | 8 |
| 12295446064 | Creoles | Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, and economic status. |  | 9 |
| 12295446065 | Mesitizo | A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. | 10 | |
| 12295446066 | Indios | The indigenous peoples (or natives) of the Americas. |  | 11 |
| 12295446067 | Mulattoes | The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. |  | 12 |
| 12295446068 | Negros | An old history term used to identify African slaves or their descendants. |  | 13 |
| 12295446069 | Maroons | Meaning African and native. This meant that the person was a product of two runaways or in a "maroon society." |  | 14 |
| 12295446070 | One Drop Rule | A rule among Protestants that classified any mixed-race person as either "black" or "red." | 15 | |
| 12295446071 | Chattel slavery | A system in which slaves do not have rights and are considered to be the property of their owner. |  | 16 |
| 12295446072 | Yasak | (1450 to 1750 CE) Also known as a tribute paid in cash or in kind that Russian rulers demanded from the Native peoples of Siberia mainly for pelts. |  | 17 |
| 12295446073 | Russification | The forcing of variating ethnic groups to learn Russian culture. |  | 18 |
| 12295446074 | Czar | [Caesar] A Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III. |  | 19 |
| 12295446075 | Qing (Manchu) Dynasty | (1540 to 1750 CE) The ruling dynasty of China (1644 to 1912 CE). This is the dynasty that helped expand the dynasty North by enlarging the territorial size of the country. It was originally from Manchuria. No assimilating foreigners- the interest in expansion and court of colonial affairs. |  | 20 |
| 12295446076 | Mughal Empire | An Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent with began in 1526 CE, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and ended in the mid-nineteenth century. |  | 21 |
| 12295446077 | Emperor Akbar | The most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556 to 1605 CE). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. |  | 22 |
| 12295446078 | Emperor Aurangzeb | A Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death, despotic ruler, whose strict laws led to divisions and decentralization of government in the Mughal Empire. |  | 23 |
| 12295446079 | Sati | A ritual that required a woman to throw herself onto her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly, and if a woman didn't comply with this, she was to be disgraced. |  | 24 |
| 12295446080 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia c. 1300 CE. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, which was based at Istanbul (prev. Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922 CE. It ruled over lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. |  | 25 |
| 12295446081 | Safavid Empire | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; an Iranian kingdom (1502 to 1722 CE) that was established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. Conquered territory and established their kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran. Frequently disputed with the Mughal Dynasty because of the Sunni-Shia split. |  | 26 |
| 12295446082 | Devshirme | The Ottoman policy of taking boys and young men from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers. |  | 27 |
| 12295446083 | Janissaries | A member of elite fighting force compromised of Christian slaves in the Ottoman Empire. |  | 28 |
