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| 2734760671 | Bacteriophages (phages) | viruses that affect bacteria | 0 | |
| 2734765974 | Lyse (lytic phage) | cell burst | 1 | |
| 2734765975 | DNA structure | 1. A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA) 2. A phosphate group (PO4) 3. A nitrogenous base (either purine or pyrimidine) | 2 | |
| 2734765976 | Purine | Adenine (A) or Guanine (G) 2 ringed structure | 3 | |
| 2734765977 | Pyrimidine | Thymine (T) or Cytosine (C) or Uracil (U) Single ringed structure | 4 | |
| 2734769114 | Chargoff's rule | A=T G=C | 5 | |
| 2734770041 | Dehydration synthesis | The 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl groups allow DNA and RNA strands to form long chains of nucleotides | 6 | |
| 2734772082 | Phosphodiester bonds | the phosphate group is now linked to the 2 sugars by a pair of ester bonds | 7 | |
| 2734781056 | Tautomers | Keto (C=O) versus enol (C-OH) groups and amino (_NH2) versus imino (=NH) groups that are attached to the bases | 8 | |
| 2734781057 | Phosphodiester backbone | repeating sugar and phosphate units joined by phophodiester bonds | 9 | |
| 2734781058 | Base pair | two strands held together by formation of hydrogen bonds and between bases on opposite strands. Adenine can form two hydrogen bonds withthymine to form a A-T base pair Guanine can form three hydrogen bonds with cytosine to form a G_C base pair | 10 | |
| 2735970431 | Antiparallel | one strand running 5'to3' and the other running 3'to5' | 11 | |
| 2735970432 | Three possible models of DNA | conservative model semiconservative model dispersive model | 12 | |
| 2735970433 | Semiconservative model | produces 2 hybrid molecules of old and new strands | 13 | |
| 2735972890 | DNA replication | opening up one DNA helix and making copies of both strands to produce two daughter helices, each consisting of one old strand and one new strand | 14 | |
| 2735980828 | DNA polymerase | add new bases to the 3' end of existing strands and requires a primer to begin synthesis. Refers to a group of enzymes responsible for the building of a new DNA strand from the template. | 15 | |
| 2735980829 | RNA polymerase | synthesis their primers | 16 | |
| 2736197625 | DNA Pol 1, 2, 3 | all three enzymes synthesize polynucleotide strands only in the 5'-3' direction and require a primer | 17 | |
| 2736202360 | Nuclease activity | ability to break phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides (endonucleases and exonucleases) | 18 | |
| 2736202361 | Endonucleases | Cut DNA internally | 19 | |
| 2736203373 | Exonucleases | Chew away at an end of DNA | 20 | |
| 2736220479 | DNA Polymerase 1 | Acts on lagging strand to remove primers and replace them with DNA | 21 | |
| 2736220480 | DNA Polymerase 2 | DNA repair process | 22 | |
| 2736220481 | DNA Polymerase 3 | Main replication enzyme. Synthesize okazaki fragments | 23 | |
| 2736340342 | Helicases | Enzymes that use energy from ATP to unwind the DNA template | 24 | |
| 2736340343 | Single-strand-binding protein (SSB) | Coats the exposed hydrophobic base of the single strand | 25 | |
| 2736340344 | Supercoiling | The coiling in space of double-stranded DNA molecules due to torsional strain, occurs when the helix is unwound | 26 | |
| 2736340345 | Topoisomerase | Enzymes that can alter the topological state of DNA | 27 | |
| 2736340346 | DNA gyrase | The topoisomerase involved in DNA replication. Enzyme that relieves strain while helicase has unwound the strands | 28 | |
| 2736340347 | Semidiscontinuous | One strand can be synthesized in a continuous fashion from an initial primer, while the other strand must be synthesized in a discontinuous fashion with multiple priming events and short sections of DNA being assembled | 29 | |
| 2736340348 | Leading strand | Continuous | 30 | |
| 2736340349 | Lagging strand | Discontinuous | 31 | |
| 2736340350 | Okazaki fragments | Fragments synthesized on lagging strand | 32 | |
| 2736340351 | Replication fork | Partial opening of DNA helix to form 2 single strands | 33 | |
| 2736340352 | Leading strand synthesis | A single priming event is required then the strand can extend indefinitely by the action of DNA Pol 3 | 34 | |
| 2736340353 | Processivity | The ability of a polymerase to remain attached to the template | 35 | |
| 2736340354 | Sliding clamp | Beta subunit in Pol 3 made up of 2 identical protein chains that form a circle around the strand | 36 | |
| 2736340355 | Lagging strand synthesis | Primase is needed to synthesize primers for each okazaki fragment and then all these RNA primers need to be replaced with DNA. The fragments are stitched together. | 37 | |
| 2736361649 | DNA ligase | Seals the gap, joining okazaki fragments into complete strands | 38 | |
| 2736361650 | Termination | Last stage of replication produces two daughter molecules that are intertwined then unlinked by gyrase | 39 | |
| 2736361651 | Replisome | Forms a macromolecular assembly Primosome and complex of 2 DNA Pol 3 enzymes | 40 | |
| 2736361652 | Primosome | Composed of primate and helicase | 41 | |
| 2736361653 | Eukaryotic replication | Has multiple origins of replication for each chromosome, resulting in multiple replicones | 42 | |
| 2736374826 | Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) | Sliding clamp unit on eukaryotes | 43 | |
| 2736374827 | Telomeres | Structure found on the end on eukaryotic chromosomes. They protect the ends from nucleases and maintain integrity of linear chromosome. | 44 | |
| 2736374828 | Replicating ends | Lagging strands last primer is removed, it cannot be replaced. During the next round of replication the next chromosome will be shorter. Resulting in aging. | 45 | |
| 2736374829 | Telomerase | Contains an internal RNA that the enzyme uses as a template to extend the DNA of the chromosome end. Cancer cells generally show activation of telomerase which allows them their length so they don't shorten. | 46 | |
| 2736374830 | Mutagen | Agent that increases number of mutations (UV light, xrays, radiation) | 47 | |
| 2736374831 | Specific repair systems | Target a single kind of lesion in DNA and only repair that lesion. | 48 | |
| 2736374832 | Nonspecific repair systems | Use a single mechanisms to repair multiple kinds of lesions | 49 | |
| 2736381728 | Photorepair | (Specific repair) specific for UV light damage (tymine dimer). Photolase absorbs light in the visible range and uses this energy to cleave the tymine dimer. | 50 | |
| 2736381729 | Excision repair | (Nonspecific) recognizes damage, removes damaged region, resynthesizes using the info on the undamaged strand as a template | 51 | |
| 2736381730 | UvrABC complex | Binds to damaged DNA and then cleaves a single strand on either side of the damage, removing it. DNA Pol 1 or 2 replaces damaged DNA | 52 |
