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| 2734029546 | Nutritional mutations | Only grow if the medium is supplemented with additional nutrients | 0 | |
| 2734029547 | One gene/one polypeptide hypothesis | Genes specify the structure of enzymes and that each gene encodes the structure of one enzyme. This hypothesis states the molecular relationship between genotype and phenotype | 1 | |
| 2734029548 | Francis Crick | Central dogma of molecular biology | 2 | |
| 2734029549 | Central Dogma | DNA ➡RNA ➡ protein | 3 | |
| 2734029550 | Transcription | DNA ➡ RNA Produces exact copy of DNA The DNA-directed synthesis of RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. This uses the principle of complementary to use DNA as a template for RNA. | 4 | |
| 2734029551 | Translation | RNA➡protein. | 5 | |
| 2734029552 | Reverse translation | Class of viruses called retro viruses converts RNA genome into DNA copy using the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase | 6 | |
| 2736425409 | Retroviruses | Converts RNA genome into DNA copy using the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase. | 7 | |
| 2736425410 | Template strand | The only one of the two DNA strands needed to be copied for RNA. Also called anti-sense strand. | 8 | |
| 2736425411 | Coding strand | The strand of DNA not used as a template. Also called sense strand. Coding strand after transcription has the same sequence except tymine is now uracil. | 9 | |
| 2736425412 | mRNA | Messenger RNA. The RNA transcript used to direct synthesis of polypeptides. Carried the DNA message to the ribosome for processing. | 10 | |
| 2736425413 | tRNA | Transfer RNA. Adapter molecule that can interact with both RNA and amino acids. Have amino acids covalently attached to one end and an anticodon that can base pair with an mRNA codon at the other. It acts to interpret info in mRNA and to help position the amino acid on the ribosome | 11 | |
| 2736425414 | snRNA | Small nuclear RNA are part of the machinery involved in nuclear processing of eukaryotic "pre-mRNA" | 12 | |
| 2736425415 | SRP RNA | Contains both RNA and proteins. Mediates the process of protein synthesis by ribosome on the rough ER | 13 | |
| 2736425416 | Small RNAs | Includes micro RNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) are involved in the control of gene expression | 14 | |
| 2736425417 | Codons | The genetic code consisted of a series of blocks of info made of 3 nucleotides. Each corresponding to an amino acid in the encoded protein. | 15 | |
| 2736425418 | Different combinations of nucleotides | 64 | 16 | |
| 2736425419 | Reading frame | Established by the first codon in the sequence determines how all subsequent codons are read | 17 | |
| 2736425420 | Frameshift mutations | Alter the reading frame of the genetic message by deleting or adding nucleotides | 18 | |
| 2736425421 | Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner | Found codons and frameshift mutation. | 19 | |
| 2736425422 | Triplet binding assay | Identified 54 triplets | 20 | |
| 2736425423 | Stop codons | UAA, UGA, UAG | 21 | |
| 2736425424 | Start codon | AUG. Encodes the amino acid Methionine (Met) | 22 | |
| 2736425425 | Degenerate | Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon | 23 | |
| 2736425426 | RNA polymerase in prokaryotes | Exist in 2 forms: core polymerase and holoenzyme | 24 | |
| 2736425427 | Core polymerase | Synthesize RNA using a DNA template , but it cannot initiate synthesis accurately. 4 subunits: 2 identical alpha, beta, and beta to the first degree. | 25 | |
| 2736425428 | Holoenzyme | Can accurately initiate synthesis. One sigma attached to core polymerase 4 subunits. | 26 | |
| 2736425429 | Two sites of initiation | 1. The promoter that forms a recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase 2. The actual start site | 27 | |
| 2736425430 | Terminator | Signal to end transcription | 28 | |
| 2736425431 | Transcription unit | The region from promoter to terminator. Downstream and upstream | 29 | |
| 2736425432 | Downstream | 3' to 5' template strand (+1) | 30 | |
| 2736425433 | Upstream | 5'to 3' coding strand (-1) | 31 | |
| 2736425434 | Promoter | Is found upstream of the start site and is therefore not transcribed byb the polymerase | 32 | |
| 2737503853 | Clearance (escape) | the process of the sigma leaving the promoter. | 33 | |
| 2737504227 | Sigma subunit | Binds to the promoter is the first step of transcription. As the RNA polymerase molecule leaves the promoter region, the sigma factor is no longer required. | 34 | |
| 2737505620 | Transcription bubble | The region containing the RNA polymerase, the DNA template, and the growing RNA transcrpt | 35 | |
| 2737510101 | Hairpin | The self-complementary G-C region forms a double stranded stem with a single stranded loop | 36 | |
| 2737512214 | Coupled | In prokaryotes, the mRNA produced by transcription begins to be translated before transcription is finished | 37 | |
| 2737513296 | Operon | Found in prokaryotes,. A single transcription unit that encodes multiple enzymes necessary for a biological pathway.By clustering genes by function, they can be regulated together. | 38 | |
| 2737533648 | RNA Polymerase 1 | Transcribes rRNA. Their promoters are specific for each species | 39 | |
| 2737534155 | RNA Polymerase 2 | Transcribes mRNA and some small nuclear RNA complex promoters. "core promoters" can be composed of a number of different elements including the TATA box. | 40 | |
| 2737535425 | RNA Polymerase 3 | Transcribes tRNA and some other small RNA. Most promoters were found to actually be internal to the gene itself. | 41 | |
| 2737537090 | Initiation complex | Eukaryotic transcription requires the binding of the transcription factors to the promoter before RNA Pol 2 binds to DNA. Prokaryotic translation includes an initiator tRNA molecule charged with a chemically modified methionine, N-formylmethionine (tRNA^fMet) | 42 | |
| 2737539039 | Primary transcript | RNA synthesized by RNA Pol 2 which is processed to produce the mature mRNA. | 43 | |
| 2737540859 | Methyl-GTP Cap | added to the 5' end of the mRNA after transcription | 44 | |
| 2737541483 | Poly-A tail | added to the 3' end of the mRNA after transcription | 45 | |
| 2737542471 | pre-mRNA splicing | Eukaryotic genes may contain noncoding sequences that have to be removed to produce the final mRNA. This is accomplished by the organelle spliceosome. Occurs in nucleus prior to export of the mRNA to the cytoplasm. | 46 | |
| 2737543976 | Introns | (Intruder) noncoding DNA that interrupts the sequence of the gene | 47 | |
| 2737544656 | Exons | expressed coding sequence | 48 | |
| 2737546873 | Spliceosome | cluster of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) which splices (removes) the introns. | 49 | |
| 2737548130 | Branch point | A conserved A nucleotide within the 2 base sequnce of the introns | 50 | |
| 2737551630 | pre-mRNA splicing steps | snRNA forms base pairs with 5' end of intron, and at branch site. snRNPs associate with other factors to form spliceosome 5' ends of intron is removed and forms bond at branch site, forming a lariate. The 3' end of the intron is then cut off. Exons are joined, spliceosome disassembles | 51 | |
| 2737554586 | Alternative splicing | A single primary transcript can be spliced into different mRNAs by the inclusion of different sets of exons | 52 | |
| 2737556808 | Ribosome | the key organelle in translation, but it requires mRNA, tRNA, and a host of other factors. They can only ensure that the codon-anticodon pairing is correct. | 53 | |
| 2737557981 | Amnioacyl-tRNA synthesis | Enzymes that attaches amino acid to tRNA with the correct anticodon for protein synthesis to proceed | 54 | |
| 2737559800 | tRNA structure | cloverleaf type of structure based on intramolecular base pairing that produces double stranded regions. This structure is then folded in space to form an L-shape molecule that has 2 functional ends: the acceptor step and and anticodon loop. | 55 | |
| 2737562304 | Acceptor stem | 3' end of the molecule where the amino acid attaches | 56 | |
| 2737563169 | Anticodon loop | The bottom loop of the cloverleaf and it can base pair with the codons in mRNA | 57 | |
| 2737565456 | tRNA charging reaction | The reaction catalyzed by the enzyme in aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis that requires ATP. Joins the acceptor stem to the carboxyl terminus of an amino acid | 58 | |
| 2737565770 | Charged tRNA | an amino acid joined to a tRNA | 59 | |
| 2737569895 | Peptide bond | formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid | 60 | |
| 2737571841 | tRNA binding sites | E, P, A Incoming charged tRNAs enter the ribosome at the A site, transit through the P site, and ten leave through the E site. | 61 | |
| 2737572125 | P site | (peptidyl) binds to the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain | 62 | |
| 2737572727 | A site | (amnioacyl) binds to the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added | 63 | |
| 2737573216 | E site | (exit) binds to the tRNA that carried the previous amino acid added | 64 | |
| 2737624796 | Peptidyl transferase | resides in the large subunit of the ribosome and is an enzyme that forms the amino acids together into a peptide bond. | 65 | |
| 2737637319 | Prokaryotic initiator tRNA | tRNA^fMet N-formylmethionine | 66 | |
| 2737649253 | Peptide bond formation | formed between a new charged tRNA in the site A and the growing chain in site P. The bond forms between the amino group pf the new amino acid (site A) an the carboxyl group of the growing chain (site P). This breaks the bond of the growing chain and its tRNA, transferring it the the A site | 67 | |
| 2737653485 | Eukaryotic initiation differences | 1. The initiating amino acid is methionine, not N-formylmethionine. 2. less complicated initiation complex. mRNA lacks RBS (ribosomal binding sequence) | 68 | |
| 2737655784 | Ribosomal binding sequence (RBS) | When the tRNA^fMet is positioned over the first AUG codon of the mRNA, the large ribosomal subunit binds, forming the E, P, and A sites | 69 | |
| 2737659681 | Elongation factor | The second tRNA binds to EF-TU and GTP to bind to mRNA in the A site. GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-TU and GDP dissociate with the ribosome. Peptide bond formation happens. The tRNA with the growing chain moves to the P site. The uncharged tRNA formerly in the P site is now in the E site and will be ejected. | 70 | |
| 2737672800 | Wobble pairing | tRNAs wobble on the mRNA, so that a single tRNA can read more thanone codon on the mRNA | 71 | |
| 2737673345 | Termination | stop codon is reached. | 72 | |
| 2737676118 | Release factors | proteins that release the newly made polypeptide from the ribosome | 73 | |
| 2737677252 | Signal sequence | A polypeptide that starts with a short series of amino acids that binds to the signal recognition particle (SRP) | 74 | |
| 2737679664 | Signal recognition particle (SRP) | Cytoplasmic complex of proteins | 75 | |
| 2737679665 | Docking | the binding of the ER receptor to the signal sequence ? SRP complex holds the ribosome engaged in translation of the protien on the ER membrane | 76 | |
| 2737762170 | Mutation | changing a single base can result in an amino acid substitution that can lead to a debilitating clinical phenotype | 77 | |
| 2737763946 | Point mutation | mutation that alters single base | 78 | |
| 2737764232 | Base substitution mutation | substituting one base pair for another in DNA | 79 | |
| 2737765035 | Mutation is silent | if the substituted base pair encodes the proper amino acid | 80 | |
| 2737766517 | Missense mutation | when a base substitution changes an amino acid in a protein | 81 | |
| 2737766808 | Transition | does not change the type of bases, it either subs a pyrimidine with a pyrimidine or a purine with a purine | 82 | |
| 2737767606 | Transversion | does change the type of bases in a base pair, pyrimidine with a purine or reverse | 83 | |
| 2737768052 | Nonsense mutation | when a base is changed to a codon that stops. Resulting in premature termination of translation and leads to a truncated protein | 84 | |
| 2737770255 | Frameshift mutation | Alter (addition/deletion) the reading frame in the mRNA downstream of the mutation | 85 | |
| 2737771735 | Huntington disease | triple sequence of DNA that is repeated | 86 | |
| 2737772314 | Chromosomal mutations | altered structure | 87 | |
| 2737772726 | Deletion | loss of a portion of a chromosome | 88 | |
| 2737772998 | Duplication | of chromosome may or may not lead to phenotypic consequences | 89 | |
| 2737773847 | Tandem duplication | duplication occurs next to original region | 90 | |
| 2737774316 | Inversion | results when a segment of a chromosome is broken into two places, reversed, and put together | 91 | |
| 2737775006 | Translocation | a piece of one chromosome is broken off and joined to another. it can also move genes from one location to another | 92 |
