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| 519642355 | Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles | |
| 519642356 | Peace of Westphalia | Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe | |
| 519642357 | Bishop Jacques Bossuet | tutor of Louis XIV. Declared that kings rule by "divine right". Wrote Politics Drawn from Holy Scriptures | |
| 519642358 | Cardinal Richelieu & Cardinal Mazarin | Cardinals in charge of France who put the national interests of their own country in front of the Catholic identity of Europe | |
| 519642359 | the Fronde | French rebellion from 1648-53 caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy; caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism | |
| 519642360 | Jean-Baptiste Colbert | An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient | |
| 519642361 | Louis XIV's wars | foreign policy -extend French power; fights Spanish, English, Dutch, Austrians, & Germans | |
| 522076258 | Peace of Utrecht | treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713 | |
| 522076259 | Frederick William the Great Elector | started absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler and laid the foundation for the Prussian state | |
| 522076260 | Peter the Great | ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia | |
| 522076261 | Great Northern War | War with Sweeden over control of Baltic, caused by Russia building St. Petersburg on Sweedish soil. (Russia wins) | |
| 522076262 | James II | Catholic king of England after Charles II; granted everyone religious freedom and appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government | |
| 522076263 | William and Mary | King and Queen of England from 1689 to 1702; placed on the throne as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and ruled as limited monarchs. | |
| 522076264 | Thomas Hobbes | a political philosopher who wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; believed only a powerful gov't could keep an orderly society | |
| 522076265 | John Locke | English philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) |
