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| 1114485339 | The age of reason | Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind" | |
| 1114485340 | deism | A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. | |
| 1114485341 | unitarians | Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century. | |
| 1114485342 | second great awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | |
| 1114485343 | burned-over district | area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents. | |
| 1114485344 | mormons | Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT | |
| 1114485345 | lyceum | School founded by Aristotle in Athens that focused on the gathering and analysis of data from all fields of knowledge | |
| 1114485346 | american temperance society | An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol. | |
| 1114485347 | maine law of 1851 | Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade. | |
| 1114485348 | Woman's Rights Convention | - Feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 and rewrote the Declaration of Independence in order to include women in it | |
| 1114485349 | new harmony | This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q | |
| 1114485350 | brook farm | A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle. | |
| 1114485351 | oneida community | A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. | |
| 1114485352 | shakers | 1840s; one of the first religious communal movements; kept men and women separate; failed due to lack of recruits | |
| 1114485353 | federal style | Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe. | |
| 1114485354 | greek revival | inspired by contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular | |
| 1114485355 | hudson river school | Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River | |
| 1114485356 | minstrel shows | white actors wearing black face mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular. | |
| 1114485357 | romanticism | 19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | |
| 1114485358 | transcendentalism | A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. | |
| 1114485359 | "The American Scholar" | Emerson's lecture at Harvard; encouraged American authors to develop their own literary techniques instead of using European ideas | |
| 1114485360 | Peter Cartwright | Best known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers). Sinewy servant of the Lord ranged for half-century from Tennessee to Illinois, calling upon sinners to repent. | |
| 1114485361 | Charles Grandison Finney | ..., An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol. | |
| 1114485362 | Joseph Smith | ..., Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr. | |
| 1120017205 | Brigham Young | A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons. | |
| 1120017206 | Horace Mann | ..., United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859) | |
| 1120017207 | Dorthea Dix | Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces. | |
| 1120017208 | Neal S. Dow | Nineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state. | |
| 1120017209 | Lucretia Mott | A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848 | |
| 1120017210 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | (1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. | |
| 1120017211 | Susan B. Anthony | (1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869. | |
| 1120017212 | Lucy Stone | formed American Women's suffrage movement, School teacher, daughter of a farmer, became abolitionist, lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society, good at giving speeches, disagreed with Susan Anthony, did not want to separate the women's rights movement from the aboltionist/civil rights movement. | |
| 1120017213 | Ameila Bloomer | american feminist, supported womans rights and the trousers (bloomers named after her) | |
| 1120017214 | Robert Owen | (1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed | |
| 1120017215 | John. J Audubon | 1785 to 1851; He was an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. The Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named after him. His depictions of western wildlife contributed to the western population movements. | |
| 1120017216 | Stephen C. Foster | white Pennsylvanian who wrote the most famous black songs; went to the south one time in 1852; contributed to American folk music by capturing the painful spirit of slaves; lost his art and popularity and died in a charity ward as a drunkard | |
| 1120017217 | James Fenimore Cooper | - United States novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life | |
| 1120017218 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. | |
| 1120017219 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. | |
| 1120017220 | Walt Whitman | American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. | |
| 1120017221 | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature. | |
| 1120017222 | Lousia May Alcott | author of Little Women, was an advocate of abolition, women's rights, and temperance | |
| 1120017223 | Emily Dickinson | poet | |
| 1120017224 | Edgar Allan Poe | American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839). | |
| 1120017225 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A". | |
| 1120017226 | Herman Melville | American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels | |
| 1120017227 | Francis Parkman | (1823-1893) Historian whose eyes were so defective that he wrote in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine, penned a brilliant series of volumes beginning in 1851. |
