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| 2273692169 | Themes of American Industrialization | 1. Harnessed technology to produce in new way 2. Increased production 3. New consumer society emerged 4. Corporation owners amassed power through new forms of corporate organization | 0 | |
| 2273721604 | How did technological innovations transform American industry? | -Made production of goods and services cheaper ---Fueled mass production and consumption -Big Factories replaced small ones -Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Du Pont and Duke | 1 | |
| 2273721605 | Thomas Edison | Inventor and founder of the first industrial research laboratory. -Opened 'invention factory' -Laid foundation for how Americans live today ---applied electricity to light, sound, and images | 2 | |
| 2273725379 | Patent office between 1860 and 1930 | 1.5 million patents granted | 3 | |
| 2273729811 | Inventions | Electricity Internal Combustion Industrial Chemistry | 4 | |
| 2273761647 | Edison Electricity Company | Founded in 1878 Devised a system of electricity that provided electricity conveniently to manifold customers. | 5 | |
| 2273821967 | Granville T. Woods | ''The Black Edison" -Patented 35 devices vital to electronics and communications | 6 | |
| 2273829126 | Henry Villard and J. P. Morgan | Financiers Bought patents and merged equipment-manufacturing into the General Electric Company, including research laboratories. | 7 | |
| 2273841884 | Henry Ford | Founder of the Ford Motor Company and pioneer of modern assembly lines used in mas production. -Adapted the internal combustion engine to propel a vehicle | 8 | |
| 2273876634 | Five-Dollar-Day | Pay Plan Ford Combined wages and profit sharing | 9 | |
| 2273881082 | Andrew Carnegie | Scottish immigrant who built in enormous steel company and became a renowned philanthropist. Carnegie Steel Company --Controlled 60% of steel business Sold in 1901 to J.P. Morgan | 10 | |
| 2274127220 | J.P. Mogan | Formed U.S. Steel Corporation Banker Involved in process by creating a holding company through stock sales and bank loans convincing to sell to him. | 11 | |
| 2274134227 | E. I. Dupont | Manufactured gunpowder in Delaware in early 1890's. 1902-Expanded the company into fertilizer, dyes, and other chemical products 1911-Labs adapted cellulose to produce consumer goods like photographic film, textile fibers, and plastics. | 12 | |
| 2274150888 | New Industries in South | Developed around natural resources Cheap electric-powered cotton looms enables southern textile industries to surpass water powered New England mills. Tobacco Northern Capitalist invested in Iron and Steel (Birmingham Alabama). Northern Lumber moved to gulf state between 1890 and 1900. | 13 | |
| 2274156573 | American Tobacco Company | Tobacco crop in NC Cigarettes James B. Duke Began mass production in 1885 Attracted consumers with advertising Global business by 1900 | 14 | |
| 2274183600 | Technology and Everyday life | -Telephones and typewriters made face-to-face communications less important and facilitated correspondence. -Electric sewing machines facilitated mass-produced clothing -Refrigerators enable preservation of food -Discovery of vitamins heightens interest in food's health -Toilets improved hygiene and bathroom privacy | 15 | |
| 2274200732 | William K. Kellogg and Charles W. Post | Mass-produced new breakfast foods | 16 | |
| 2274212256 | What led corporations to increasingly consolidate in the late nineteenth century? | -Way to guarantee profits (pools) --Could set prices higher -After 1880's allowed companies to own stocks in other companies -Holdings allowed to own means of production -Social Darwinism | 17 | |
| 2274233439 | Economic Downturns and Why | -Technology innovation required large investments and would borrow from banks to seek higher profits and reward stockholders --Strangled Small businesses -1871, 1884, and 1893 | 18 | |
| 2274241988 | Why did corporations raise capital? | Selling shares to stockholder and loans. | 19 | |
| 2274244668 | John D. Rockefeller | Creator of Standard Oil and master of the use of pools and trusts to monopolize industry. Vertical Integrating with other oil companies | 20 | |
| 2274248085 | Trusts | Large corporations formed to enable one company to control an industry by luring or forcing stockholders of smaller companies to yield their stock to the larger company's board of trustees. | 21 | |
| 2274257442 | Vertical Integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution | 22 | |
| 2274258728 | Horizontal Intergraion | Business strategy in which a holding company would seek to control all aspects of the industry in which it functioned, fusing related businesses together under one management. -Gustavus Swift's Chicago meat-processing. | 23 | |
| 2274283727 | Why have trust and holding companies? | -Ensured orderly profits -300 combinations formed | 24 | |
| 2274296950 | New York Stock Exchange | Selling and trading of stocks 1869-145 industrial corporations 1914-511 corportations | 25 | |
| 2274300847 | Social Darwinism | Extended Charles Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to the free-marker system, arguing that competition would weed out weaker firms an allow stronger, fitter firms to thrive. | 26 | |
| 2274323299 | Sociologist Lester Ward | Dynamic Sociology 1883 -Argued that 'survival of the fittest' was waste-full and brutal. | 27 | |
| 2274349004 | Henry George | Said it related to the ability of property owners to benefit from land values rising and proposed 'single tax' on the rise in property values caused by increased market demand. | 28 | |
| 2274352077 | Edward Bellamy | -Novelist -Looking Backward 1888 --depicted Boston in 2000 as a peaceful community and 'principle of fraternal cooperation. Nationalism that sparked nationalist clubs nation wide. | 29 | |
| 2274366695 | Anti-trust Legislation | -Several states prohibited monopolies and regulated business. -1900: 27 states band pools and 15 outlawed trusts. -Sherman Anti-Trust Act | 30 | |
| 2274371531 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | -Made illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy n the restraint of trade." -Faced fines and jail terms -Did not define 'restraint of trade' -Only 18 cases prosecuted between 1890-1900 mostly against railroads. -Used to break up unions when they went on strike. | 31 | |
| 2274380624 | U.S. v. E. C. Knight Co. | Sugar Trust owned 98% of nations sugar-refining capacity 8/9 -Control of sugar manufacturing did not necessarily mean control of trade. | 32 | |
| 2274399179 | How did Mechanization and new systems of management change the nature and status of work. | Created new jobs -Fewer workers could produce more in less time -Costs cut more and valued skills less -Women got more jobs -Long and dangerous conditions | 33 | |
| 2274413680 | Frederick W. Taylor | -Engineer for a Pennsylvania steel company -Companies could reduce cost by determining how quickly various kinds of work should be done --Producing more for lower cost per unit, usually by eliminating unnecessary workers. -Principle of Scientific Management (1911) -Bethlehem Steel Company: applied system and reduced re from 600 to 140 | 34 | |
| 2274427972 | Fears of workers | 1. Replaceable 2. Hundreds of thousands died from Industrial accidents 3. No disability insurance | 35 | |
| 2274435788 | Women in the Workforce | 1880-1900: 2.6-8.6 million Clerical tasks thanks to typewriter and cash registers -Replaced men --1920: nearly half women Menial positions in textile mills and food-processing plans. | 36 | |
| 2274436567 | Children in the Workforce | 18% ages 10-15 were employed -Sharecroppers bind their kids to mills for painfully low wages. -Several states passed laws limiting ages and hours for labors. --Lie about ages | 37 | |
| 2274454876 | Freedom of Contract | Since workers freely entered into a contract with bosses, workers could seek another job if they disliked the wage and hours. -Supply and demanded to set wages as low as would be accepted. | 38 | |
| 2274460522 | Holden v. Hardy | 1891 Upheld law restricting minors working hours because overly long workdays increased potential injuries. | 39 | |
| 2274464164 | Lochner V. New York | 1905 Voided a law limiting bakery workers to a sixty-hour week and ten-hour day, reasoning that baking was not dangerous enough to to prevent workers from selling their labor freely. | 40 | |
| 2274469856 | Muller v. Oregon | 1908 Laws allowed to be regulated for women Law regulating female laundry workers was constitutional because women's well-being as childbearers was an object of public interest. | 41 | |
| 2274475239 | Railroad Strikes | 1877: crisis caused four years of wage cuts, layoffs, and increased workloads. -Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Texas, and California. -State militia called in to break up strikes. | 42 | |
| 2274476111 | Triangle Shirtwaist Factory | 1911 fire killed 146 of 500 women, mostly Jewish. They were locked into there rooms of work. Jumped out of building-sometimes holding hands. | 43 | |
| 2274486170 | Pittsburgh July 1877 | Troopers attacked demonstrators, killing ten and wounding more. Rutherford B Hayes sent in federal soldiers to quell anger-first time. | 44 | |
| 2274490182 | Jay Gould | Captain of industry and owner of the Union Pacific Railroad. Refused to negotiate with the Knights of Labor | 45 | |
| 2274507414 | Knights of Labor | -Union of 730,000 by 1886 -Tried to get better working conditions for workers -Welcomed skilled, unskilled, women, African Americans, and immigrants. -NO Chinese -No strikes | 46 | |
| 2274516824 | Haymarket Riot | Chicago 1896 May 1: Demonstration by one hundred thousand workers May 3: Police mobilized; killed two and injured more May 4: Bomb went off killing 7 and injuring 67 8 convicted, 4 executed, one committed suicide, other 3 pardoned in 1893 by Illinois governors. | 47 | |
| 2274524909 | American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Skilled craft unions united under leadership of Samuel Gompers Accepted capitalism -Excluded women and other races | 48 | |
| 2274531557 | Samuel Gompers | AFL leader who focused on practical goals like improved wages, hours, and working conditions. Former head of Cigar Makers Union | 49 | |
| 2274542429 | Homestead Strike | Worker walkout after wage cuts at a Carnegie Steel Plant by the president Henry Frick in 1892; official responded to the strike by shutting down the plant and hiring 300 guards from the Pinkerton Detective Agency. | 50 | |
| 2274542430 | Pullman Strike | Pullman Palace Car Company of 1894 Workers walked out over exploitive policies at the company towns near Chicago. Owner George Pullman owned nearly everything in the town. | 51 | |
| 2274542930 | Eugene V. Debs | Indiana Labor Leader who organized workers in the Pullman Strike of 1893; would be the Socialist Party of America's presidential candidate five times between 1900-1920 | 52 | |
| 2274570424 | Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) | Radical labor organization that sought to unionize all workers. Tried to unite unskilled workers. Nicknamed Wobblies Embraced Socialism and led mass strikes of mine workers in Nevada and Minnesota and timber workers in Louisiana, Texas, and the Northwest Leaders: Haywood, Mary "Mother" Jones, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, and Joe Hill. Collapsed during World War I | 53 | |
| 2274576250 | Cripple Creek, Colorado | 1894 Mine owners increased work hours without increasing pay. Governor called in state militia 2 weeks late and owners agreed to restore 8-hour workday | 54 | |
| 2274580978 | Western Federation of Minors (WFM) | Accused of killing former Idaho Governor Frank Steunberg after he enforced martial law on a strike in 1899. William "Big Bill" Haywood arrested and tried for murder in 1907 --Attorney Clarence Darrow, proved mine owners had paid a key witness. | 55 | |
| 2274596544 | Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) | 1903 -Shorter work hours, better working conditions, supported strikes Sponsored educational activities, woman suffrage. | 56 | |
| 2274603690 | "Uprising of the 20,00" | New York City Ladies Garment Workers' Union | 57 | |
| 2274607098 | Bread and Roses | Against Textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts. | 58 | |
| 2274609520 | Nonunionized Workforce | -Most workers not involved in Union -Only 13% (5 million) part of union. Keeping job most important Few companies kept workers year round | 59 | |
| 2274614685 | What fueled urban growth in the late nineteenth century? | -Annexing areas that bordered them -In-migration -Immigration | 60 | |
| 2276136947 | Under Frederick W. Taylor's theory of scientific management...? | Workers became another kind of interchangeable part. | 61 | |
| 2276141791 | In practice the "freedom of contract" principle meant that | Employers could set pay as low as workers would accept | 62 | |
| 2276147635 | Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of the Industrial Workers of the World? | Workers should take over and run the nation's industries. | 63 | |
| 2276155674 | Corporations received broad judicial protection in the 1880's and 1890's when the Supreme Court ruled that...? | Corporations, like individuals, were protected by laws preventing the government from depriving them of property rights. | 64 | |
| 2276158124 | Advocates of Social Darwinism believed that...? | Wealth will flow into the hands of those most capable of producing it. | 65 | |
| 2276167782 | What increased the attraction of cities? | Manufacturing Transportation Communications | 66 | |
| 2276179783 | What forces fueled urban expansion into suburbs? | Mass transportation -Outward -elevated trains Economic Change and material resources -Inward | 67 | |
| 2276193443 | Americans living in cities? | 1870 and 1920: 10 million to 54 million 32 cities (Mostly in south) had more than 10 thousand black residents. -Fled there as debt and crop prices worsened. | 68 | |
| 2276230819 | "New Immigrants" | Wave of immigrants after 1880 coming mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe. 1900-1910: 2/3 came from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia 1910: Mexicans outnumbered Irish | 69 | |
| 2279215520 | Geographical Mobility | Tried to escape poor housing and employment for better opportunities. -Advance available for white men -Growing corporations hired new clerical personnel -Women usually moved with husbands or fathers -Other races made fewer gains -Few become rich by many achieve moderate success. | 70 | |
| 2279255985 | Cultural Retention | -Collection of subcommunities --Interacted to retain identity Whey -Chinese -loan associations helped members start businesses Padrone -System whereby for a payoff a boss found jobs for immigrants -Practiced own religions -Married with their group | 71 | |
| 2279322269 | Urban Borderlands | -Cities clustered together in inner neighborhoods -Multi-Ethnic -Haven until ready to leave for other districts | 72 | |
| 2279338124 | Racial Segregation | -Racial Bias -African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Protestantism -Separate churches, newspapers and clubs -Lived in Ghettos -Chinese laundries banned in San Francisco in 1880. | 73 | |
| 2279358033 | Ghettos | A part of a city in which members of a minority group live, especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure | 74 | |
| 2279367506 | East St. Louis Illinois 1917 | Strike breakers heightened racial tensions and a riot broke out in which 9 whites and 39 blacks were killed -300 buildings destroyed | 75 | |
| 2279385558 | "The Chinese Must Go" | -Denis Kearney and followers -intimidate employers into refusing to hire Chinese and drove Asians from San Francisco. | 76 | |
| 2279398552 | Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882 suspending Chinese immigration | 77 | |
| 2279402365 | Geary Act | 1892 -Extended previous restrictions and required Chinese Americans to carry a certificate of residence. Japanese included. | 78 | |
| 2279415958 | Mexican Barrios | Southwestern Cities -Los Angeles, Tuscon, Albuquerque, San Antonio -Mexican first Isolated districts | 79 | |
| 2279429926 | Religious Diversity | -Newcomers with own religions -Italy, Polish, Slovakia: Catholic -Appointed bishops as same ethnicity as parish New York: House largest population of Jews in the world -Old world customs like separating men and women during services Japanese: Buddhism | 80 | |
| 2279454060 | Cultural Variety | American folk Literature Italian Mexican cuisine Yiddish theater African American music and Dance | 81 | |
| 2279461978 | Housing | 2-3 families would occupy single-family homes and apartments. -Tenements and row houses New York -Lower East Side averaged 702 people per acre -Established ventilation and safety codes for tenement buildings Middle-Class -Improved furnaces -Electric lighting -Indoor polumbing | 82 | |
| 2279493168 | Poverty | -Burdened many urban areas. -Employment fluctuated with business cycles. | 83 | |
| 2279505419 | Colonial view of Poverty | Due to moral weakness -Anyone could escape if they worked hard and lived clean | 84 | |
| 2279511355 | Jacob Riis | -Peoples environments contributed to poverty and therefore society bore responsibility to improve conditions. "How the Other Half lives" (1890) --Explained deplorable conditions of slum houses | 85 | |
| 2279526905 | Crime | -Increased American cities while falling in other industrializing nations. Murder: Rose 25 per million (1881) to 107 per million (1898) -Police professionalized --Ethnic and racial minorities most likely to be arrested. | 86 | |
| 2279544645 | Water Purity | Finding clean water was a challenge in cities -Doctors embraced idea the microorganisms caused disease, prompting concerns over where germs breed. -States gradually passed laws prohibiting disposal of sewage into rivers, cities began to filter water and chemically treat sewage. | 87 | |
| 2279563491 | Waste Disposal | 1900: Every New Yorker generated 160 pounds of garbage (F00d), 1,200 pounds ashes (stove and furnaces), and 105 pounds of rubbish. George Waring Jr | 88 | |
| 2279579571 | George Waring Jr | Designed sewage disposal and street-cleaning systems for Memphis and New York. | 89 | |
| 2279622366 | Political Machines | Organizations that emerged in urban, often working-class and immigrant neighborhoods. They solicited votes for particular candidates and promised jobs and other services to supporters; putting their candidates in office gave them power over local government. -Bribery and fraud but delivered relief and service to their votes. | 90 | |
| 2279639785 | Bosses | Headed political machines; often of similar background to constituents, these popular local figures exchanged votes for money, support, and other favors. -Understood people's problems from firsthand experience. -Politics full-time profession -Used political influence to control the awarding of public contracts. -No worse than businessmen in Government | 91 | |
| 2279670311 | Machine-led Governments | -Constructed much of the new urban infrastructure -Expanded services such as firefighting, police, and public health -Financed Expansion with municipal bonds and public debts soared. | 92 | |
| 2279686874 | Jane Addams | Social worker, pioneer of the settlement house movement, and founder of Chicago's Hull House, which provided education, training, and social activities for immigrants and the poor. | 93 | |
| 2279699403 | Florence Kelly | Settlement house worker who became the chief factory inspector for Illinois in 1893. | 94 | |
| 2279705976 | Civic Reformers | -Wanted tighter budget control -City manager and commission forms of government -Nonpartisan elections -Building codes | 95 | |
| 2279715688 | Civic Reform Mayors | Hazen Pingree of Detroit Tom Johnson of Cleveland -Provide better jobs -Better housing Never held office long | 96 | |
| 2279731948 | Social Reformers | -Jane Addams and Florence Kelley -Building Codes for safer Tenements -Improved schools to prepare immigrants for citizenship -Medical care for the poor | 97 | |
| 2279742610 | Environmental Reformers | City Beautiful Movement -Construction of Civic centers, parks, and boulevards that make cities economically efficient and attractive. | 98 | |
| 2279752984 | Reform Failures | -Didn't understand diversity -Civil Service signified reduced job opportunities | 99 | |
| 2279762199 | Moral Reformers | -Restricting alcoholic beverages | 100 | |
| 2279774427 | How did urbanization affect family life and structure? | Same: Central aspect of peoples lives provided resources Changed: Schools, unions, and political groups More single people Life stages | 101 | |
| 2279836694 | Statistics | -Young (median age 1880: 21 1920: 25) -Only 4% of population older than 65 Falling birth rates (1880: 40 per 100. 1900: 32 1920: 28) | 102 | |
| 2279861526 | Reasons for falling birth rates | 1. Due to becoming urban nation (Lower in cities) 2. Nutrition and medical improves (Lower infant mortality) 3. Having less children meant improved quality of life | 103 | |
| 2279876259 | Family as a Resource | -Would help with childcare, meals, advice and consolation. -Help get jobs | 104 | |
| 2279891472 | City housing | Lived as boarders in Homes and lodging house -Families with extra space could gain a little income. | 105 | |
| 2279899035 | Unmarried | -City dwellers 42% men and 37% women -half lived with parents -YMCA and YWCA -Dancehalls. saloons, cafes | 106 | |
| 2279909302 | Homosexual | New York, San Francisco, and Boston -Patronized own clubs, restaurants, coffeehouses, and theaters Men=Fairies Women=hidden | 107 | |
| 2279915326 | "Boston Marriages" | -Same-sex parternship | 108 | |
| 2279923526 | Stages of Life | -Less Distinct Youngsters=prepared for adulthood by gradually assuming responsibility -Toddlers, schoolchildren, teenagers not recognized Parenthood=Adult life Older people=worked until physically incapable. | 109 | |
| 2279937926 | Changing Stages of Life | -Middle-age "empty nest" because of less children. -Longer life expectancy and forced retirement separated old and young. -Compulsory school attendance (1870's-1880's): childhood and adolescence became distinct stages | 110 | |
| 2279957661 | Reactions to Life Stages | -Education community responsibility -Labor unions political machines, and employment agencies in charge of job recruitment -Family still important. | 111 | |
| 2279969383 | Mothers Day | 1914 Second Sunday in May Anna Jarvis because kids neglected their mothers. | 112 | |
| 2279974740 | What Fueled the rise of commercial Leisure? | Mechanization and new/more efficient means of production. Labor Activism New mass entertainment | 113 | |
| 2279978062 | December 2, 1889 | Worcester Massachusetts -Laborers seeking shorter working hours "8 hours for work, 8 hours for rest, 8 hours for what we will." | 114 | |
| 2279989219 | Increase in Leisure Time | Work -1860: 66 hours per week -1890: 60 hours per week -1920: 47 hours per week 1890's: mass-produced pianos and sheet music | 115 | |
| 2280001890 | Baseball | -Most popular -Formalized in 1845 by Knickerbocker Club of New York 1860: 50 baseball clubs 1876: The National League of Professional Baseball CLubs founded 1867: Color Line excluded black players from major professional teams 1903: First World Series-Boston Americans (Red Sox) beat Pittsburgh Pirates. | 116 | |
| 2280003106 | Croquet and Cycling | -Socializing 10 million bicycles owned -Freed women from Victorian fashion because allowed safer to war divided skirts and simple undergarments. | 117 | |
| 2280003107 | Football | Intercollegiate competitions -Attracted to wealthy education Princeton-Yale game attracted 50 thousand spectators Violence -Teddy Roosevelt, conference to discuss violence -Intercollegiate Athletic Association (rename National Colleges Athletic Association NCAA in 1910) --1906 made less dangerous and tightened player eligibility Tramp Athletes -Non-students hired to help teams win | 118 | |
| 2280061034 | Women Sports | Rowing, track, swimming, archery, and baseball. -Basketball --Received new rules from Senda Berenson of Smith College | 119 | |
| 2280064511 | Basketball | 1891 Men winter sport | 120 | |
| 2280075343 | George M. Cohan | Singer, dancer, and songwriter who drew on patriotic and traditional values in songs. -"The Yankee Doodle Boy" -"You're a Grand Old Flag" | 121 | |
| 2280082263 | Show Business | -Escape into adventure, melodrama, and comedy -Musical Comedies. | 122 | |
| 2280091778 | Vaudeville | Most popular entertainment by 1900 -Jugglers, magicians, acrobats, comedians, singers dancers, and animal acts. Florenz Ziegfeld -Ziegfeld Follies, Ziegfeld girl Eva Tanguay -Singer | 123 | |
| 2280106559 | Minstrel Shows | Early stage shows in which white men wore blackface makeup and played to the prejudice of white audiences by offering demeaning and caricatures portrayals of African Americans in songs, dances, and skits. | 124 | |
| 2280118872 | Women and Minorities in Show Business | -Encouraged stereotyping and exploitation. -Eva Tanguay, Lillian Russell, Fanny Brice Gave opportunities to African Americans -Bill Williams --Black Comedian --Black face and did sterotypes | 125 | |
| 2280124635 | Movies | -Perfected by Thomas Edison 1880's: slot-machine peep shows in arcades and billiard parlors. | 126 | |
| 2280145762 | Birth of a Nation | 1915 flim D. W. Griffith --Racist retelling of the Civil War and Reconstruction --Blacks threat to white men morals Stunning filmography | 127 | |
| 2280153369 | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP | Founded in 1909 -Lead protests against "Birth of a Nation" | 128 | |
| 2280161784 | Yellow Journalism | Sensationalism -Yellow ink used to print papers Adopted -William Randolph Hearts --Sports and women sections Human interest stories, photographs, eye-catching ads -"Ladies Home Journal" | 129 | |
| 2280165058 | Joesph Pulitzer | New York World bought in 1883 -Comics Yellow Journalism | 130 | |
| 2280183475 | Telephones | 1901: 1 for every 100 1921: 12.6 for every 100 | 131 | |
| 2280190339 | Amusements | Coney Island | 132 |
