Mr. Hazlett's classes. Key terms, people, places, events, ect.
Terms : Hide Images
| 294389387 | John Locke | Believed kings must live under the constitution (if they exist); argument based on a mythical, prehistoric "state of nature"; stressed the consent to the contract, the people have the right to terminate it; government "has no other end but the preservation of property." | 0 | |
| 294389388 | Thomas Hobbes | The Leviathan (1651) is his most famous work. It begins with a clearly materialistic account of human nature and knowledge, a rigidly deterministic account of human volition, and a pessimistic vision of the consequently natural state of human beings in perpetual struggle against each other. It is to escape this grim fate, he argued, that we form the commonwealth, surrendering our individual powers to the authority of an absolute sovereign. For him, then, individual obedience to even an arbitrary government is necessary in order to forestall the greater evil of an endless state of war | 1 | |
| 294389389 | Simón Bolívar | In 1819 his forces defeated the Spanish and established the Republic of Colombia with himself as president and military dictator. Within two more years they liberated Venezuela and Ecuador, filling out the borders of the federation. He was a son of a creole aristocrat and studied in Europe. | 2 | |
| 294389390 | José San Martín | He emerged as one of the great military strategists of history and put together a massive Army of Andes & promised freedom to slaves who joined his forces. He defeated the Spaniards in Chile, but he couldn't effectively take Peru. He retired to France after meeting with Bolívar in Guayaquil. | 3 | |
| 294389391 | Father José María Morelos | He took command of the revolutionary movement in Mexico. He sought to displace the Spanish and creole elites, to abolish slavery, and to revoke the special privalges & landholdings of the Church. | 4 | |
| 294856624 | The Enlightenment | It was, at its broadest, a philosophical, intellectual and cultural movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It stressed reason, logic, criticism and freedom of thought over dogma, blind faith and superstition. Logic wasn't a new invention, having been used by the ancient Greeks, but it was now included in a worldview which argued that empirical observation and the examination of human life could reveal the truth behind human society and self, as well as the universe. | 5 | |
| 294856625 | Isaac Newton | He was an English mathematician and physicist who was remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion. He also recognized the importance of illuminance contrast to visual color over three centuries ago, when he studied luminance dependence in white and gray. (1642-1727) | 6 | |
| 294856626 | Louis XVI | King of France (1774-93). Married in 1770 to Marie Antoinette, daughter of the Habsburg Empress Marie Theresa. In October 1789, he was brought from Versailles to Paris, from which he attempted to flee in June 1791. The monarchy was abolished in September 1792, and he was executed on 21 January 1793. | 7 | |
| 294856627 | Robespierre | French revolutionary politician. He was elected to the Estates General in 1789. He rose to prominence in the Jacobin Club, which he dominated during the Terror, and also joined the powerful Committee of Public Safety. In the Convention, he became a leader of the Mountain, and opposed the Girondins, who he helped to destroy. He promoted the 'Festival of the Supreme Being' in June 1794. In July 1794 the Convention denounced him, (the events of '9th Thermidor') and on 28th July he was guillotined. | 8 | |
| 294856628 | Palace of Versailles | The residence of the French court, a magnificent palace set in fine grounds, about twelve miles from Paris. It was built by Louis XIV, who transferred his court and government there in 1682. | 9 | |
| 294856629 | Bastille | A medieval fortress in Paris, which served as a gaol, and had become symbolic of oppression by the time of the Revolution. It was stormed by the Parisian mob on 14th July 1789, and traditionally marks the end of the ancien régime. | 10 | |
| 294856630 | Estates-General | An assembly representing the provinces of the French monarchy, established in medieval times. It comprised of three groups, the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (nobility) and the Third Estate (commoners). It had not been called since 1614, but was recalled in 1789 | 11 | |
| 294856631 | First Republic | Declared by the Convention in 1792, and lasting until Napoleon I proclaimed himself Emperor in 1804. | 12 | |
| 294856632 | Girondins | A loose grouping of deputies in the Legislative Assembly and the Convention, led by Jean Roland, Charles Dumouriez and Jacques Brissot. They were Jacobins in the sense of being republicans, but feared the extremists and disliked the influence of the Clubs. As opponents of Robespierre, they suffered considerably during the Terror. The name is from the area from which some of their leading supporters came; they were also known as 'Brissotins' or 'Rolandists'. | 13 | |
| 294856633 | Jacobin Club | a radical democratic club, the most famous of many political clubs which flourished during the Revolution. After several purges, it became the tool of Robespierre, and associated with the Terror, and the term is now employed for any extreme radical. | 14 | |
| 294856634 | Montagnards (the Mountain) | A group which grew up around some Paris deputies, who tended to oppose the Girondins. On the question of what to do with the king, they pressed for his execution. They had considerable sans-culotte support. They were named after their position in the Assembly, on the upper benches on the left, overlooking the Girondins and uncommitted deputies. | 15 | |
| 294856635 | National Assembly | The title was adopted on 17th June 1789 by the Third Estate. On 20th June, excluded from their regular meeting-place, they assembled in a tennis court and swore an oath (the 'Tennis Court Oath'), not to disband until a constitution was established. On 9th July the Assembly added the word 'Constituent' to its title, by which it became known, and as such carried out many important changes. In October 1791, it became the Legislative Assembly, a new body in as much as members of the old Constituent Assembly had passed a self denying ordinance preventing them from being candidates. The Legislative Assembly was overthrown in the upheavals of the summer of 1792, and replaced in September by the Convention. This body executed the king, proclaimed the First Republic, and established a new constitution. It dissolved itself, to be replaced by the Directory in October 1795. The Directory had a very limited franchise, a narrow social base, and five executive directors. | 16 | |
| 294856636 | Sans-Culotte | A term applied generally to the mass of the lower classes of Paris, particularly the poorer artisans and small shopkeepers. The term is derived from their dress - such people usually wore trousers as opposed to the more aristocratic breeches. Politically, they were especially concerned with food prices and democracy, leading them to ally with the Jacobins. | 17 | |
| 294856637 | Glorious Revolution | Also called: Bloodless Revolution the events of 1688--89 in England that resulted in the ousting of James II and the establishment of William III and Mary II as joint monarchs | 18 | |
| 295434104 | Father Miguel Hidalgo | He led the first wave of Mexico's revolt until he was executed in 1811. | 19 | |
| 295434105 | Toussaint L'Ouvertuar | Haitian military and political leader who led a successful slave insurrection (1791-1793) and helped the French expel the British from Haiti (1798). In 1801 he invaded Spanish Santo Domingo and freed the slaves there. He briefly maintained control over the entire island, establishing the first Black-led government in the Americas, before being arrested by Bonapartist agents (1802) and deported to France. | 20 | |
| 295434106 | Rousseau | (1712-1778) A French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. He believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people. | 21 | |
| 295434107 | Voltaire | He distrusted democracy, which he saw as propagating the idiocy of the masses. To him, only an enlightened monarch, advised by philosophers like himself, could bring about change as it was in the king's rational interest to improve the power and wealth of France in the world. He essentially believed monarchy to be the key to progress and change. | 22 | |
| 295434108 | Galileo | (1564-1642) Italian astronomer. One of the founders of Europe's scientific revolution, one of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove Copernicus' heliocentric model correct. | 23 | |
| 295434109 | Copernicus | An astronomer born in Polish Prussia credited with developing the theory (sixteenth century) that Earth is a moving planet that revolves around the Sun, a contradiction to Ptolemy's theory (second century) that the Earth is the center of the universe and fixed in space. In his book, Concerning the revolutions of the Celestial Sphere (1543), Copernicus discussed apparent motions of heavenly bodies as observed from Earth in relation to actual celestial motions. | 24 |
