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| 334638180 | Francesco Petrarch | Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin. | 0 | |
| 334638181 | Italian Renaissance | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600 | 1 | |
| 334638182 | Da Vinci | One of the best examples of a Renaissance man. He painted, wrote, sculpted, invented, among his philosophical ideas | 2 | |
| 334638183 | Michelangelo | An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time. | 3 | |
| 334638184 | Machiavelli | Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." | 4 | |
| 334638185 | Humanism | the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason | 5 | |
| 334638186 | Northern Renaissance | the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature | 6 | |
| 334638187 | Shakespeare | English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616) | 7 | |
| 334638188 | Cervantes | Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) | 8 | |
| 334638189 | Francis I | This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots | 9 | |
| 334638190 | Johannes Gutenberg | 1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on eof the most important inventions of all time. | 10 | |
| 334638191 | 95 Theses | written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences | 11 | |
| 334638192 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 12 | |
| 334638193 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 13 | |
| 334638194 | Protestantism | the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation | 14 | |
| 334638195 | Henry VIII | English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval) | 15 | |
| 334638196 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | 16 | |
| 334638197 | Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England | 17 | |
| 334638198 | Calvinism | the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone | 18 | |
| 334638199 | John Calvin | Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) | 19 | |
| 334638200 | Predestination | doctrine of John Calvin that adhered to the idea that each person's fate is predetermined by god | 20 | |
| 334638201 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447) | 21 | |
| 334638202 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 22 | |
| 334638203 | Edict of Nantes | 1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants | 23 | |
| 334638204 | Thirty Years' War | (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | 24 | |
| 334638205 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | 25 | |
| 334638206 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | 26 | |
| 334638207 | Commercial Revolution | the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries | 27 | |
| 334638208 | Proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | 28 | |
| 334638209 | Witchcraft | many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at the stake in medieval and early modern Europe. | 29 | |
| 334638210 | Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | 30 | |
| 334638211 | Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) | 31 | |
| 334638212 | Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) | 32 | |
| 334638213 | Vesalius | This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy | 33 | |
| 334638214 | Galileo | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars | 34 | |
| 334638215 | William Harvey | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood | 35 | |
| 334638216 | Francis Bacon | (1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. | 36 | |
| 334638217 | Rene Descartes | French philosopher and mathematician | 37 | |
| 334638218 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 38 | |
| 334638219 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 39 | |
| 334638220 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 40 | |
| 334638221 | Absolute Monarchy | a system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power | 41 | |
| 334638222 | Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) | 42 | |
| 334638223 | Versailles | a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles | 43 | |
| 334638224 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | 44 | |
| 334638225 | Parliamentary Monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 45 | |
| 334638226 | nation-states | Nation States were ruled by people who shared a common culture and language so they appealed to a certain loyalty that linked cultural and political bonds. People within Nation States believed that the government should act for the interests of everyone within its rule and provide help for people when it was needed, as opposed to serving the royal family and suiting their best interests. | 46 | |
| 334638227 | Frederick the Great | This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler (1740-1786) | 47 | |
| 334638228 | Enlightened Despot | Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change | 48 | |
| 334638229 | Adam Smith | Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand" | 49 | |
| 334638230 | Denis Diderot | multifacted leader of French Enlightenment; worked on Encyclopedia which included scientific and social knowledge; wrote widely on philosophy, mathematics, and psychology on deaf-mutes | 50 | |
| 334638231 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 51 | |
| 334638232 | Salon | informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas | 52 | |
| 334638233 | Capitalism | an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. | 53 | |
| 334695137 | Ivan III | "Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia; freed Russian from Mongol control | 54 | |
| 334695138 | Ivan IV | set up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongul lands to the east and south of Moscow | 55 | |
| 334695139 | Romanov Dynasty | dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917. | 56 | |
| 334695140 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 57 | |
| 334695141 | Catherine the Great | ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations | 58 | |
| 334695142 | Partitions of Poland | 18TH CENTURY - Polish nobility proved incapable of regulating own affairs. In 1763 Catherine got former lover Poniatowski on throne. Fred II concerned about extension of Russian power over Poland - diplomatically intervened and arranged first of 3 partitions. 1) 1772, Poland lost about half its territory. Prussia got Pomerelia, Russia took Byelorussia and Austria got Galicia. 2) 1793, Russia gained most of Lithuania and the western Ukraine while Prussia took area around Danzig and additional territory in western Poland. 3) 1795, after Polish national revolt under Kosciuszko the three powers undertook 3rd partition. POLAND CEASED TO EXIST AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE. PRUSSIA TOOK AREA AROUND WARSAW, AUSTRIA GAINED THE CRACOW REGION AND RUSSIA TOOK WHAT WAS LEFT OF LITHUANIA AND THE UKRAINE. POLES, LITHUANIANS, BYELORUSSIANS AND UKRAINIANS RESENTED BEING UNDER RUSSIAN DOMINATION. (Catherine only ruler to take part in all 3) | 59 | |
| 334695143 | Pugachev Rebellion | Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed | 60 | |
| 334695144 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 61 | |
| 334695145 | Third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453. | 62 | |
| 334695146 | Boyars | Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts; were executed by Ivan IV | 63 | |
| 334695147 | Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church. | 64 | |
| 334695148 | St. Petersburg | built to attract europeans and to get warm water ports.. also to provide contact with the west..Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden | 65 | |
| 334695149 | Radishev | a noble; one of the first western inspired radicals; sought absolutism and more political (liberal) rule; writings banned by harassment of Catherine the greats police. | 66 | |
| 334695150 | Obruk | Labor obligations of Russian peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state; part of the peasantry during the 18th century | 67 | |
| 334695151 | Cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. | 68 | |
| 334695152 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 69 |
