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| 3827999926 | Niccolo Machiavelli | realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; Italian Renaissance; The Prince | 0 | |
| 3828002994 | Leonardo Da Vinci | advanced realistic portrayal of human body | 1 | |
| 3828005949 | Humanism | focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor | 2 | |
| 3828009136 | Petrarch | inspired less religious spirit, not totally abandoning it | 3 | |
| 3828011158 | Northern Renaissance | classical renaissance styles in art and architecture in France, Germany, England, the Low Countries | 4 | |
| 3828014245 | Shakespeare in England, Rabelais in France, Cervantes in Spain | renaissance writers that mixed classical themes with earthiness | 5 | |
| 3828015000 | Francis I | King Of France; patron of arts, imported Italian architects to create classical style palaces | 6 | |
| 3828019864 | Johannes Gutenburg | introduced movable type-innovated on chinese printing technology; caused literacy to gain ground; encouraged spread of religion | 7 | |
| 3828023579 | 15th century European-Style Family | a) later marriage age b) nuclear-smaller families c) married more for love than financial benefit | 8 | |
| 3828025800 | Martin Luther | German monk who nailed 95 theses to church door protesting the selling of salvation and indulgences for money-began lutheran version of protestantism | 9 | |
| 3828031934 | Lutheran Protestant values | against selling indulgences, monasticism was wrong, princes should marry, bible should be translated from Latin, state control of church, faith alone gained salvation, special vocations were not especially holy | 10 | |
| 3828035194 | Anglican Church | set up by King Henry VIII to be able to divorce | 11 | |
| 3831372246 | Jean Calvin | Frenchman who established based in Geneva, Switzerland; God's predestination; ministers were moral guardians and preachers of God's word; promoted broader education so more people could read Bible; exiled in 17th century | 12 | |
| 3831395213 | Catholic Reformation | church revived Catholic doctrine and rejected all Protestant ideas; attacked superstitions | 13 | |
| 3831418844 | Jesuits | religious order became active in politics, education, missionary work, sponsored catholic missionary activity in Asia and Americas | 14 | |
| 3831428212 | Edict of Nantes; 1598 | granted tolerance of Protestants in France; ignored by most French kings in the next century | 15 | |
| 3831455178 | Thirty Years' Wars; 1618 | German Protestants and Lutheran Sweden vs. Holy Roman emperor and Spain; devastated Germany; ended in 1648 | 16 | |
| 3831469909 | Treaty of Westphalia; 1648 | ended Thirty Years' War through territorial tolerance: some princes and cities chose their own religions; gave Netherlands independence | 17 | |
| 3831490965 | English Civil War | parliament rights vs. absolute authority; religious conflicts | 18 | |
| 3831520353 | Cause of Inflation | gold and silver from Spain; Western production could not keep pace; encouraged merchants to take risks through loans because money was losing value | 19 | |
| 3831536474 | Proletariat | West; people without access to wealth-producing property; rising food prices forced poor people to sell land, some went to manufacturing or paid laborers or into city as beggars | 20 | |
| 3831552948 | witchcraft persecution | poor, old women were persecuted as witches; blamed for their poverty | 21 | |
| 3831561119 | Scientific Revolution | affected formal intellectual life and popular outlook | 22 | |
| 3831570038 | Copernicus | Polish monk; heliocentric theory; stifled by Church | 23 | |
| 3831576668 | Johannes Kepler | planetary motion; advanced knowledge and implied scientific research's power to test and prove | 24 | |
| 3831590853 | Galileo | telescope; publicized Copernicus;l heliocentric theory; scientific method of experimenting | 25 | |
| 3831600544 | William Harvey | English physician; circular movement of blood; heart as central pumping station` | 26 | |
| 3831619316 | Francis Bacon | value of careful empirical research; predicted improvement of scientific knowledge and in tech | 27 | |
| 3831637438 | Rene Descartes | importance of a skeptical review of wisdom; human reason could develop laws to explain workings of nature | 28 | |
| 3831645665 | Isaac Newton | Principia Mathematica; basic principles of all motion; defined forces of gravity; stated scientific method; | 29 | |
| 3831850677 | Deism | divinity but its job was to set laws in motion | 30 | |
| 3831852483 | John Locke | faith was irrelevant; people could learn everything through senses and reason | 31 | |
| 3831865494 | Absolute monarchy | french political system where monarch has absolute power by divine right | 32 | |
| 3831870699 | Louis XIV | absolute monarch; palace at Versailles kept nobles busy; worked to standardize French language; mercantilism; tariff on imported goods | 33 | |
| 3831887229 | Glorious Revolution | political settlement of English civil war where parliament won basic sovereignty over king; | 34 | |
| 3831899598 | Frederick the Great | Prussian King; greater freedom of religion;better agricultural methods; greater commercial coordination; harsh punishments cut back; enlightened despot | 35 | |
| 3831911722 | Enlightenment | from Scientific Revolution; applied scientific methods to the study of human society; social science; basic human rights | 36 | |
| 3831926912 | Adam Smith | Wealth of Nations; principles of economic behavior; people act according to self-interest; promote general economic advance through competition; government should avoid regulation of market | 37 | |
| 3831943196 | Denis Diderot | Encylopedia; scientific and social scientific knowledge | 38 | |
| 3831948098 | Mary Wollstonecraft | feminist thinker, new political rights and freedoms to be extended toward women; England | 39 |
