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| 9794221261 | indulgences | grants of salvation sold for money | 0 | |
| 9794221262 | simony | the buying or selling of a church office or ecclesiastical preferment; the selling of church office roles; became used in Catholic churches in 9th and 10th centuries | 1 | |
| 9794221263 | 95 Theses | propositions put on the door of the castle in Wittenberg by Martin Luther in 1517 which challenged some Catholic beliefs but pointed out some flaws in the church such as selling indulgences; "monasticism is wrong, priests should marry, Bible translated from Latin" | 2 | |
| 9794221264 | justification by faith | in Christianity, God removing punishment for sins through Christ's sacrifice; Catholics believe in a combination of initial and permanent justification (good works) while Protestants believe it is singular; "sola fide" | 3 | |
| 9794221265 | good works | a person's exterior actions or deeds which can qualify Christian faith and gives further justification to Catholics | 4 | |
| 9794221266 | Protestantism | generally regarded to as Eastern Orthodox Christianity; originated in Germany with the 95 These from Luther; rejects papal supremacy; justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by good works; "Five sollae" | 5 | |
| 9794221267 | Peasant Rebellion | England revolt in 1381 resulting from tension during the Black Death pandemic, high taxes from the Hundred Years' War, and government instability. | 6 | |
| 9794221268 | Council of Trent | held by the Roman Catholic Church between 1545 and 1563 as a Counter-Reformation in response to the Protestant Reformation; Pope Paul III began this council; recreated discipline and administration as well as emphasized the importance of good works, the interpretation of the Bible is done by the church | 7 | |
| 9794221269 | Catholic Reformation | a major church council revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenets such as the idea that priests had no special sacramental power and could marry; also attacked superstitions of magical belief | 8 | |
| 9794221270 | Anglican Church | form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | 9 | |
| 9794221271 | predestination | all events and the fate of souls have been decided prior to their occurrence by God, "predeterminism"; prior determination | 10 | |
| 9794221272 | Calvinism | a reformed branch of Christianity of Protestantism; following tradition and practice of John Calvin; first coined its name by those who opposed it so don't be misled; believe that God communicates through the Word of God and followers shouldn't question the Word of God because God is infinite and is always correct | 11 | |
| 9794221273 | Martin Luther | German monk who believed faith led to salvation. He challenged many Catholic practices including the authority of the pope and monasticism. | 12 | |
| 9794221274 | Leo X | Successor of Julius II; served as pope from 1513 to 1521. He granted indulgences to those who supported the reconstruction of St. Peter's Basilica. | 13 | |
| 9794221275 | John Calvin | French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Revolution; a figure in Calvinism which was a predestination-based Christian theology; controversial writer; broke from the Roman Catholic church | 14 | |
| 9794221276 | Puritans | group of English Protestants in the 16th-17th centuries who were trying to reform the Catholic practices of the partially-reformed Church of England | 15 | |
| 9794221277 | Huguenots | the members of the French Protestant reform group until the beginning of the 19th century; inspired by John Calvin; rebellions in the 1620s | 16 | |
| 9794221278 | Jesuits | a new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American, and Asia | 17 | |
| 9794221279 | Ignatius Loyola | founder of the Jesuits from Spain and priest/theologian; a political force in the Counter-Reformation; 'talented spiritual director' | 18 | |
| 9794221280 | John Wycliffe | theologian during 14th century who attempted to break the Roman Catholic Church; influential priest | 19 | |
| 9794221281 | John Hus | considered the first Church reformer; lived before Calvin and Luther but after John Wycliffe; attempted to break the Roman Catholic Church | 20 | |
| 9794221282 | Anabaptists | seen as an offshoot from Protestantism; radical reformation in Europe; believe that Baptism is only valid when the person confesses their faith and wants to be baptized | 21 | |
| 9794221283 | Charles V | the heir of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, AND the Netherlands in the early 16th century; due to people fearing an absolute monarchy many were against him; put down rebellions quickly; had conquests under his power in the Americas including the Aztec & Inca empires; abdicated at age 56 | 22 | |
| 9794221284 | Edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions | 23 | |
| 9794221285 | Thirty Years' War | war within the Holy Roman Empire between German protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, and France) in the Emperor and his ally Spain; ended and 1648 after great distraction with Treaty of Westphalia | 24 | |
| 9794221286 | Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia | signed and 1494 between Castile in Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserve to Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain | 25 | |
| 9794221287 | English Civil War | conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with the restoration of the monarchy and 1660 following execution of previous king | 26 | |
| 9794221288 | Spanish Armada | the Spanish 'invincible armada' fleet of 130 ships; planned to overthrow Elizabeth I; attempted but failed to take England | 27 | |
| 9794221289 | absolute monarchy | concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies | 28 | |
| 9794221290 | Glorious Revolution | result of the English civil wars; the parliament won basic sovereignty over the king; English parliament no longer depended on king | 29 | |
| 9794221291 | parliamentary monarchy | a monarchy where the parliament was not controlled by the king; contrasted to the original absolute monarchy | 30 | |
| 9794221292 | balance of power | no single European country should be able to gain control of a substantial part of the continent; power of the continent should be divided; often times small alliances then battle for power | 31 | |
| 9794221293 | Commonwealth | Political community built for the common good; sometimes considered a republic. | 32 | |
| 9794221294 | the Restoration | Revival of England, Scotland, and Ireland's monarchy under Charles II after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. | 33 | |
| 9794221295 | Junkers | Prussian nobility; often owned large estates and played key roles in Prussia's leadership. | 34 | |
| 9794221296 | Henry IV | Ruler of Navarre and France from 1589 to his assassination in 1610; first French ruler of the House of Bourbon. He promoted religious tolerance and ended the Wars of Religion; initially Protestant but converted under pressure from Catholics who rejected his rule. | 35 | |
| 9794221297 | Bourbons | French royal house from the 16th to 19th century. It was predominant in France and Navarre but also ruled in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma. | 36 | |
| 9794221298 | Hapsburgs | Also known as the House of Austria; prominent royal house that included rulers of nations all across Europe. It eventually split between Austrian and Spanish branches after Charles V. | 37 | |
| 9794221299 | Tudors | Welsh and English royal house from 1485 to 1603 started by Henry VII. It was marked with Henry VIII's break with the pope, the English Reformation, and the peak of the English Renaissance. | 38 | |
| 9794221300 | Stuarts | Scotland royal house from 1603 to 1714 started by Robert II; first house to rule the United Kingdom. They led Scotland to prosperity and allowed art and science to prosper. It was also marked by many conflicts including the Glorious Revolution. | 39 | |
| 9794221301 | Louis XIV | an absolute monarch (France) who stated "I am the state"; a major patron of the arts; gave government more of a cultural rule in the West; encouraged science and French; used palaces to keep nobles busy with social functions; set tariffs and sought colonies; his strong state was the basis for a series of wars after 1680 | 40 | |
| 9794221302 | Henry VIII | Ruler of England and Ireland from 1509 to 1547. He separated the English church from the pope and established the divine right of kings. He expanded royal power and was known for having 6 wives to try and have a son for succession. | 41 | |
| 9794221303 | Charles I | Ruler of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649. He opposed parliament and believed in the divine right of kings. Considered a tyrannical monarch, he was executed for treason after multiple conflicts. England's monarchy was temporarily abolished after his rule. | 42 | |
| 9794221304 | Elizabeth I | the Protestant outright and successor to Henry VIII in the Anglican church because he failed to produce a male heir | 43 | |
| 9794221305 | Phillip II | 16th century Catholic king of Spain, Portugal, England, and Ireland; successor of Charles V. He led Spain to its golden age, expanding his territory to all known continents at the time. His empire was called "the empire on which the sun never sets" due to its far reach. He was known for strongly opposing Protestants. | 44 | |
| 9794221306 | Frederick the Great | an 18th century Prussian ruler who added military and bureaucratic organization, introduced greater freedom of religion, and expanded economic functions of the state; encouraged better agriculture and greater equity; claimed to be an enlightened despot for authority but benefitted society in the end | 45 | |
| 9794221307 | Richelieu | French cardinal from 1622 to 1642, and the chief minister of Louis XIII. He checked the power of the nobles, centralizing France's government. He also expanded the University of Paris and supported arts. | 46 | |
| 9794221308 | ultra-Catholics | Sect of Catholicism which places greater emphasis on the pope and his power | 47 | |
| 9794221309 | Jean Baptiste Colbert | France Minister of Finances from 1665 to 1683 under Louis XIV. He made many reforms to French industries, raised tariffs, and supported infrastructure establishment. He also ensured the French East India Company had access to foreign trade, established France's merchant navy, and regulated guilds with edicts to improve overall quality. | 48 | |
| 9794221310 | Oliver Cromwell | Military and political leader of the 17th century. A devoted Puritan, he became a commander of the New Model Army, served as a member of the Rump Parliament, led campaigns in Ireland and Scotland, and later established a short-lasting parliament of his own. He then became Lord Protector of England, established military rule, and waged war against the Dutch and Spaniards. | 49 | |
| 9794221311 | James I | Ruler of England, Ireland, and Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625. He was a relatively peaceful ruler but faced opposition from England and its parliament. He continued the golden age of Elizabethan literature, wrote works himself, and supported the translation of the bible known as the King James Verion. | 50 | |
| 9794221312 | Charles II | Successor of Charles I and ruler of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685. He was known as the Merry Monarch due to his focus on personal enjoyment. He allied with France for payment, and later dissolved Parliament in 1679. He converted to Catholicism before he passed, angering his many Protestant and anti-Catholic subjects. | 51 | |
| 9794221313 | James II | Catholic ruler of England, Ireland, and of Scotland (as James VII) from 1685 to 1688. After taking the throne from his brother he faced stiff opposition from Protestant politicians. After continuous conflict with Parliament and others, he was invaded and defeated by William of Orange. He attempted to retake the crown in 1689 but failed, fleeing to France afterward where he lived under the support of Louis XIV. | 52 | |
| 9794221314 | William of Orange | Also known as William III, he ruled over England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 to 1702. Considered by many to be their Protestant champion, he waged war against Catholic France. In an invasion known as The Glorious Revolution, he also overthrew his Catholic father in law to take Britain and settled disputes with their Parliament. | 53 | |
| 9794221315 | Mary Stuart | Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567. She enforced religious tolerance between different Christians. After marrying the suspected murderer of her 2nd husband, she was overthrown and exiled. Mary fled to England, where she was seen by some as the true heir of the throne and planned to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I before she was caught and executed. | 54 |
