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| 51197947 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements. | 0 | |
| 51197948 | Northern Renaissance | More concerned with theology and personal morality, Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance. | 1 | |
| 51197949 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 2 | |
| 51197950 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America. | 3 | |
| 51197951 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | 4 | |
| 51197952 | Edict of Nantes | A document of religious toleration issued by Henry IV which ended religious fighting Protestants and Catholics in France. This brought peace to France, but also Henry IV's assassination. It was cancelled by Louis XIV in 1685. | 5 | |
| 51197953 | 30 Years War | (1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire. | 6 | |
| 51197954 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. | 7 | |
| 51197955 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 8 | |
| 51197956 | Copernicus | (1473-1543) Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. | 9 | |
| 51197957 | Galileo | (1564-1642) Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries. | 10 | |
| 51197958 | John Harvey | English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump. | 11 | |
| 51197959 | Decartes | Developed analytic geometry (linked algebra and geometry); -relied on mathematics and logic; -"I think, therefore I am"; -Believed that everything should be doubted until proved by reason. | 12 | |
| 51197960 | Newton | This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science; wrote Principia in 1687. Made the 3 laws of mechanics and law of gravity. He also invented calculus. | 13 | |
| 51197961 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 14 | |
| 51197962 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 15 | |
| 51197963 | Absolute Monarchy | A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power. | 16 | |
| 51197964 | Merchantilism | An ecomonic theory where colonies are created to benefit the "mother country" through trade of raw materials and consumption of the mother countrys finished products. | 17 | |
| 51197965 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 18 | |
| 51197966 | Adam Smith | Scottish professor of philosophy; developed the idea of free enterprise, critical of mercantilism; wrote Wealth of Nations. | 19 | |
| 51197967 | Parliamentary Monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 20 | |
| 51197968 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | 21 | |
| 51197969 | Frederick the Great | King of Prussia (1740-1786); successful in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), he brought Prussia great military prestige in Europe. | 22 |
