From Psychology, 8th Edition, by Myers
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| 155483581 | Psychotherapy | An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. | |
| 155483582 | Biomedical Therapy | Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system. | |
| 155483583 | Eclectic Approach | An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. It is closely related to /psychotherapy integration/. | |
| 155483584 | Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. | |
| 155483585 | Resistance | In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. | |
| 155483586 | Interpretation | In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. | |
| 155483587 | Transference | In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). | |
| 155995948 | Face to face, once a week, and for only a few weeks or months | Whereas psychoanalysts (like Freud) engage in therapy sessions with patients by remaining out of the line of vision and schedule therapy several times a week for several years, modern /psychodynamic/ therapists talk to the patient ___________ (3 items). | |
| 155995949 | Psychodynamic Therapy | Therapists of this school try to understand a patient's current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship. | |
| 155995950 | Interpersonal Psychotherapy | A brief (12- to 16-session) variation of psychodynamic therapy, which has been effective in treating depression. Like psychodynamic therapy, it aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties, but its goal is symptom relief in the here and now, not overall personality change. | |
| 155995951 | present and future; past | One of four major differences between humanistic therapists and psychoanalytic therapists. Humanistic therapists focus on the ___________ rather than the ________. They explore feelings as they occur, rather than achieving insights into the childhood origins of the feelings. (Answer in form _______; _______) | |
| 155995952 | conscious; unconscious | One of four major differences between humanistic therapists and psychoanalytic therapists. Humanistic therapists focus on ________ rather than _______ thoughts. (Answer in form _______; _______) | |
| 155995953 | taking responsibility for one's feelings and actions | One of four major differences between humanistic therapists and psychoanalytic therapists. Humanistic therapists focus on ______________________________________, rather than uncovering hidden determinants. | |
| 155995954 | promoting growth; curing illness | One of four major differences between humanistic therapists and psychoanalytic therapists. Humanistic therapists focus on ________ instead of ___________. Thus, those in therapy became "clients" rather than "patients" (a label change many therapists have followed). (Answer in form _____; ______) | |
| 155995955 | Client-centered Therapy | A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy). | |
| 155995956 | Nondirective Therapy | A strategy utilized by some humanistic therapists in which the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights. | |
| 155995957 | Active Listening | Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. | |
| 155995958 | Three tips for active listening | 1) Paraphrase 2) Invite Clarification - "What might be an example of that?" may encourage the speaker to say more 3) Reflect feelings - example, "That sounds frustrating." | |
| 155995959 | Behavior Therapy | Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. | |
| 155995960 | Counterconditioning | A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning. | |
| 155995961 | Exposure Therapies | Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid. | |
| 155995962 | Systematic Desensitization | A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. | |
| 155995963 | Progressive Relaxation | A method in which a therapist trains a patient to relax one muscle group after another, until one achieves a drowsy state of complete relaxation and comfort. | |
| 155995964 | Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy | An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. | |
| 155995965 | Aversive Conditioning | A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). | |
| 155995966 | Behavior Modification | To reinforce desired behaviors and to withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors or to punish them. | |
| 155995967 | Token Economy | An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. | |
| 155995968 | The patient may become extremely dependent on extrinsic rewards | The practical concern critics have of behavior modification. | |
| 155995969 | It is not right for one person to control and manipulate another's behavior | The ethical concern critics have of behavior modification. | |
| 155995970 | Cognitive Therapy | Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. | |
| 155995971 | Depressed People | What kind of people do not suffer the self-serving bias? | |
| 155995972 | Stress Inoculation Training | Training that teaches people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations. | |
| 155995973 | Cognitive-behavior Therapy | A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) and behavior therapy (changing behavior). | |
| 155995974 | It saves therapists' time and clients' money, and it is usually no less effective than individual therapy | Advantages of group therapy. | |
| 155995975 | Family Therapy | Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. | |
| 155995976 | Alcoholics Anonymous | As the book describes it, "the grandparent of support groups." | |
| 156461232 | 89% | When 2900 "Consumer Reports" readers related their experiences with mental health professionals, what percentage said they were "fairly well satisfied?" | |
| 156461233 | People often enter therapy in crisis, clients may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort, and clients generally speak kindly of their therapists | Three reasons why client testimonials do not persuade psychotherapy's skeptics. | |
| 156461234 | Increase | Despite client testimony, "Scared Straight" and similar programs _____________ the likelihood of at-risk youth committing crime. | |
| 156461235 | Regression Toward the Mean | The tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back toward their average. | |
| 156461236 | Meta-analysis | A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. | |
| 156461237 | Those not undergoing treatment often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve | In outcome research regarding the effectiveness therapy, what can be concluded by most studies? | |
| 156461238 | Society of Clinical Psychology Task Force | A(n) ______________________ is identifying treatments shown to be beneficial in controlled treatment studies. It has pinpointed some elements of effective therapy, such as empathy. | |
| 156461239 | Four Empirically Supported Theories | 1) Cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and behavior therapy for depression. 2) Cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation training for anxiety. 3) Cognitive-behavior therapy for bulimia. 4) Behavior modification for bed-wetting. | |
| 156461240 | Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) | Developed by Francine Shapiro, this controversial treatment involves a psychologist triggering a client's eye movements by waving her fingers in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unlock and reprocess previously frozen trauma memories. | |
| 156461241 | Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) | A form of depression that characteristically has a greater presence during gloomy winter months. | |
| 156461242 | Light Exposure Therapy | A therapy mainly used to combat SAD in which people with SAD are exposed to 30 minutes of bright light to cheer them up. | |
| 156461243 | Therapeutic Alliance | The emotional bond between therapist and client. | |
| 156461244 | 8 Common Signs that one should talk to a professional (therapist, psychologist, etc.) | 1) Feelings of hopelessness 2) Deep and lasting depression 3) Self-destructive behavior, such as alcohol and drug abuse 4) Disruptive fears 5) Sudden mood shifts 6) Thoughts of suicide 7) Compulsive rituals, such as hand washing 8) Sexual difficulties | |
| 156461245 | Psychopharmacology | The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. | |
| 156461246 | Normal recover among untreated persons and recovery due to the placebo effect | Almost any new treatment, including drug therapy, is greeted by an initial wave of enthusiasm as many people apparently improve. But that enthusiasm often diminished after researchers subtract the rates of these two things. | |
| 156461247 | Antipsychotic Drugs | Drugs like chlorpromazine (sold as Thorazine) which dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli (for example, helping a schizophrenic person avoid hallucinations). | |
| 156461248 | Clozapine | A newer antipsychotic drug which sometimes enables "awakenings" in the mentally ill. It blocks serotonin activity and also targets D1 dopamine receptors, but in 1% of cases of people taking it, it has a toxic effect on white blood cells. | |
| 156461249 | Tardive Dyskinesia | Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors. | |
| 156461250 | New-generation antipsychotic drugs | While their predecessors targeted D2 dopamine receptors, these mainly target D1 receptors, which means fewer side-effects. However, they appear hardly more effective and seem to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. | |
| 156461251 | Anxiety Disorders | The term "antidepressant" is something of a misnomer because they are increasingly being used to successfully treat _____________. | |
| 156467921 | Selective-Serotonin-Reuptake-Inhibitors (SSRIs) | Drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil, which block the reabsorption of serotonin. | |
| 156467922 | Neurogenesis | The birth of new brain cells, perhaps reversing stress-induced loss of neurons. | |
| 156467923 | Decline | Antidepressant use correlates with a(n) _________ in the adolescent suicide rate. | |
| 156467924 | Mood-stabilizing Drugs | Drugs that affect mood disorders, like lithium. | |
| 156467925 | Lithium | This simple salt can be an effective mood stabilizer. | |
| 156467926 | Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | A biomedical therapy (introduced in 1938) for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. | |
| 156467927 | Vagus Nerve | A nerve that sends signals to the brain's mood-related limbic system. In finding a gentler alternative to ECT, scientists have considered a chest implant that intermittently stimulates this. | |
| 156467928 | Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) | The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. Is completely painless. Unlike ECT, this produces no seizures, memory loss, or other side effects. | |
| 156467929 | Psychosurgery | Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue i an effort to change behavior. It is the most drastic and the least-used biomedical intervention for changing behavior. | |
| 156467930 | Lobotomy | A now-rare psychosurgical procedure developed by Egas Moniz that was once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. Moniz won a Nobel Prize for this. |
