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| 13492356288 | Enclosure (movement) | A confederation of individuals coming together to form a group of citizens with common interests/purposes; formed together by the governing of rights and interest of wages (occupations include coal miners, steel workers, factory workers, etc.). |  | 0 |
| 13492356289 | Liberalism | The holding of liberal views. |  | 1 |
| 13492356290 | Unions (laborers/workers/trade) | A group of people with something in common. Ex.: occupations, political parties, etc. |  | 2 |
| 13492356291 | Strikes | The refusal to work as a form of organized protest, typically in an attempt to obtain a particular concession or concessions from their employer. |  | 3 |
| 13492356292 | British Royal Society | A granted royal charter by King Charles II in 1660. |  | 4 |
| 13492356293 | "Friendly societies" | A mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking. | 5 | |
| 13492356294 | Luddites | A person opposed to increased industrialization or new technology. |  | 6 |
| 13492356295 | The "middle class" | The middle of the upper and lower classes; not languishing in poverty, but not basking in riches. Ex.: those who work in (16th/17th century) medical, teachers, bankers, etc. | 7 | |
| 13492356296 | Industrial working/laboring class | The lower class, has little to no education, paid very little, occupations include farmers, industrial workers, factory workers, coal miners, etc. |  | 8 |
| 13492356297 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Part of the *Great Reform Act* (1832, 1867, 1884): a bill passed by the parliament that increased the number of voters during elections of the House of Commons. |  | 9 |
| 13492356298 | Settler colonies | 1450-1750 : Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rater than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the religion. Particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America. |  | 10 |
| 13492356299 | (Industrial) Capitalism | An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. |  | 11 |
| 13492356300 | Socialism | Minimizing the gap between the upper and lower classes. |  | 12 |
| 13492356301 | Robert Owen and utopian socialism | Robert Owen: (1771 - 1858) A Welsh manufacturer, philosopher, and social reformer. He is known for founding utopian socialism and the cooperative movement (late 1700s). Utopian socialism: a philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early 19th century. These socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively. |  | 13 |
| 13492356302 | British Labour Party and democratic socialism | The Labour Party is considered to be left of centre. It was initially formed as a means for the trade union movement to establish political representation for itself at Westminster. It only gained a "socialist" commitment with the original party constitution of 1918. | 14 | |
| 13492356303 | Karl Marx | A German philosopher, author and economist (1818 - 1883) known for his theories relating to capitalism and communism. Co-writer for the Communist Manifesto (pub. 1848). |  | 15 |
| 13492356304 | Frederich Engels | A German political philosopher and socialist leader (1820 - 1895) in England until 1849. Co-writer for the Communist Manifesto (pub. 1848). |  | 16 |
| 13492356305 | Revolutionary socialism (communism/Marxism) | The political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism. | 17 | |
| 13492356306 | "The Communist Manifesto" | A political pamphlet written by philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. |  | 18 |
| 13492356307 | Bourgeoisie | Known as the middle class; they are perceived as materialistic and have conventional attitudes. In Marxist view, they are the capitalist class who are the wealthiest. | 19 | |
| 13492356308 | Proletariat | The working class; they are disregarded and discredited most of the time, especially by the wealthy people and Marxists. |  | 20 |
| 13492356309 | Monopolies | The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service. |  | 21 |
| 13492356310 | Mass production/marketing | Production of large quantities of (a standardized article) by an automated mechanical process. | 22 | |
| 13492356311 | Consumer culture | When demand weighs out supply; when people buy products (things you don't necessarily need, or buying things that are new or updated when it isn't really necessary). |  | 23 |
| 13492356312 | Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward | Any of a very large group of US department stores (= large shops where many types of goods are sold in different departments) selling a wide range of products for the family. The company was begun in 1886 in Minneapolis by Richard Sears. He was then joined by Alvah Roebuck when he moved the company to Chicago in 1887. *Richard Sears*: (1863 - 1914) an American manager, businessman, and founder of Sears. *Alvah Roebuck*: (1864 - 1948) co-founder of Sears with Richard Sears. | 24 | |
| 13492356313 | Henry Ford, Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller | *Henry Ford*: (1863 - 1947) an American captain of industry, business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. He is known for developing the first automobile the middle-class Americans could afford and for the Model T automobile. *Andrew Carnegie*: (1835 - 1919) a Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist known for his major expansion of the steel industry in the late 19th century and identification as one of the richest people of the modern era, becoming a leading philanthropist in the US and British Empire. *John D. Rockefeller*: (1839 - 1937) an American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, and philanthropist. He is known as the "wealthiest American of all time" and the richest person in modern history. |  | 25 |
| 13492356314 | American Federation of Labor (AFL) | American Federation of autonomous labor unions formed in 1955 by the merger of the AFL (founded 1886), which originally organized workers in craft unions, and the CIO (founded 1935), which organized workers by industries. |  | 26 |
| 13492356315 | Populists and Progressives | The 1890s and early 1900s saw the establishment of the Populist and Progressive movements. Both were based on the people's dissatisfaction with government and its inability to deal effectively in addressing the problems of the day. | 27 | |
| 13492356316 | Czar Peter the Great | A Russian czar of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries who tried to transform Russia from a backward nation into a progressive one by introducing customs and ideas from western European countries. |  | 28 |
| 13492356317 | Russo-Japanese War | A war fought in 1904-1905 between Russia and Japan over rival territorial claims. In winning the war, Japan emerged as a world power. Note: President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States was largely responsible for bringing the two sides together and working out a treaty. |  | 29 |
| 13492356318 | Soviets | A citizen of the former Soviet Union (1922 - 1991). |  | 30 |
| 13492356319 | Duma | A legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics of the former Soviet Union. |  | 31 |
| 13492356320 | Bolsheviks | A member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917. |  | 32 |
| 13492356321 | Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov (Lenin) | (1870 - 1924) The founder of the Russian Communist Party, leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, and the architect, builder, and first head of the Soviet Union. |  | 33 |
| 13492356322 | Caudillos | A type of personalist leader yielding military and political power (essentially a military dictator). | 34 | |
| 13492356323 | Mexican Revolution | A revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911). | 35 | |
| 13492356324 | "Dependent development" | A central concept of dependency theory. Dependent development has typically involved the exporting of primary resources. This pattern is in contrast to Latin American dependent development, which places a heavy emphasis on direct foreign investment. |  | 36 |
| 13492356325 | "Banana republic" | A small nation, especially in Central America, dependent on one crop or the influx of foreign capital. |  | 37 |
