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| 47210543 | Tughril Beg | Saljuq sultan who took control of the Abbasid empire in 1055. Recognized by the caliphs as the ruler. Established Turkish rule in the Muslim realm. | 0 | |
| 47210544 | Mahmud of Ghanzi | leader of Turks in Afganistan. Mounted invasions in India and eventually established a Muslim state there from the Punjab to northwestern India. Campaigns hasten Buddhist decline in India. Destruction of Indian holy sites did not encourage Indians to convert to Islam. Successors establish sultanate of Delhi. | 1 | |
| 47210545 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world | 2 | |
| 47210546 | Marco Polo | Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan | 3 | |
| 47210547 | Khubilai Khan | Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351) | 4 | |
| 47210548 | Hulegu | Khubilai's brother who conquered the Abbasid dynasty and established the Ilkhanate of Persia. Captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad after besieging it in 1258. Attempted to capture Syria but was expelled by Egyptian Muslims, who stopped Muslim expansion to the southwest | 5 | |
| 47210549 | Tamerlane | Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405) | 6 | |
| 47210550 | Osman | most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans , who began to build a new empire in the corner of Asia Minor. these turks became known as the Ottoman Turks | 7 | |
| 47210551 | Sultan Mehmed II | Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241; Established tributary relationship to 15th century; Rule over Crimea to late 18th century; raids into Poland, Hungary, and Germany | 8 | |
| 47210552 | Turks | Central Asian nomads related to the Xiongnu peoples that pressured Han China. Set up empires throughout Eurasia. Organized as tribes that constantly fought each other. Most converted to Islam. They were primarily herders, using animal products to live (skins, meat, milk, bones, dung, etc). Not a large population because of limited water on the grasslands. Nobility was hereditary but could be lost through incompetence. Most societies sought to trade with settled people. Nobles controlled absolutely in times of war. | 9 | |
| 47210553 | Yurts | movable tents Mongols lived in | 10 | |
| 47210554 | Kumiss | a popular mongol drink made of mares milk | 11 | |
| 47210555 | Shamans | The central figures in Turkish religion before conversion to Islam. They were spiritualists with supernatural powers, communicating with gods and spirits, invoking divine aid for communities, and informing companions of the will of the gods. They were not abandoned when Turks converted to Nestorianism, Buddhism, Manichaeism or eventually Islam. | 12 | |
| 47210556 | Khan | a Mongol ruler | 13 | |
| 47210557 | Seljuk Turks | Nomads & great warriors who decided to take power of the government & army | 14 | |
| 47210558 | Sultan | a title that means the "holder of power"/ Turkish leader the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) | 15 | |
| 47210559 | Manzikert | Site in Anatolia where the Byzantines were devastated by Saljuq Turks. After this crippling blow, Byzantium never controlled Anatolia again. | 16 | |
| 47210560 | Karakorum | capital city established by Genghis Khan; place for trade and cultural activities, 1162 - 1227 | 17 | |
| 47210561 | Khanbaliq | "city of the khan"; previously ruled by Jurchens but was new capital for the Mongols | 18 | |
| 47210562 | Chagatai | a Turkic literary language of medieval central Asia (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan) | 19 | |
| 47210563 | Golden Horde | Mongol army that invaded Russia, looted and burned the city of Kiev | 20 | |
| 47210564 | Yuan Dynasty | Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) | 21 | |
| 47210565 | Ilkhanate of Persia | est. by Hulegu after topping the Abbasid empire; Baghdad was sacked in 1258 and Hulegu's troops killed more than 200,000 residents; troops moved into Syria checked by Egyptian forces | 22 | |
| 47210566 | Lamaist of Buddhism | "Lamaism," an archaic, discredited term apparently derived from the Chinese lama jiao ("lama religion"), and formerly used to distinguish Tibetan Buddhism | 23 | |
| 47210567 | Uighur Turks | were among the most important of Mongol allies; lived mostly in oasis cities along the silk road; were literate and often highly educated and worked as officials in the Mongol empires and boosted the Mongol army, conquered Roman Empire in 1453 | 24 | |
| 47210568 | Bubonic Plague | Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people | 25 | |
| 47210569 | Ottoman Turks | captured Constantinople in 1453 and rename it Istanbul; as a result the Byzantine people flee to Italian City-States which becomes a catalyst for the expansion of language and art | 26 | |
| 47210570 | Istanbul | what the Byznatine empires name was changed to by the Ottoman Turks. they made it the center of theit empire | 27 |
