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| 321844886 | Adam Smith | Viewed as founder of modern economics Believed individuals should be free to pursue own economic self-interest Believed the state should in no way interrupt free play of natural economic rules Believed government should not have regulations that would interfere with it Laissez-Faire (French for "leave it alone") | 0 | |
| 321844887 | Catherine the Great | Intelligent woman familiar with works of Philosophes Invited Diderot to speak to her "man to man" Skeptical about theories which she said would turn everything upside down Did very little in the end knowing her power depended on support of nobility Responded harshly to peasant uprisings and rebellions | 1 | |
| 321844888 | Committee of Public Safety | Run by Maximilien Robespierre between 1793-1794 Took control of France at home Raised an army of 650,000 National Convention and Committee of Public Safety launched Reign of Terror | 2 | |
| 321844889 | Copernicus | Heliocentric Theory Sun is at center of universe and motionless Planets revolved around sun and moon revolved around Earth Earth rotated daily on axis as it revolved around sun Rotated in neat equal orbits | 3 | |
| 321844890 | "Cottage Industry" | Entrepreneur bought raw materials to create textiles "Put Out" to rural workers who spun wool into yarn and then made yard into cloth Completed in their homes or cottages where looms were | 4 | |
| 321844891 | Creoles | Spaniards born in America | 5 | |
| 321844892 | Descartes | Father of Rationalism Decided to set aside all he had learned and start over "I think, therefore I am." Became first principle of his philosophy Mind and body were different- Cartesian dualism Body and matter could be doubted, but the mind couldn't Needed to use reason and its best instrument of mathematics to understand material world Material world was a machine created by God, the greatest geometrician ever | 6 | |
| 321844893 | Diderot | Writer who wrote against Christianity on grounds of fanaticism and being unreasonable Main goal was to change the way people thought Wrote a 28-volume set of books that covered all areas of thought and the world- the Encyclopedia Contributors included philosophes that attacked religious intolerance and pushed for social, legal, and political improvements | 7 | |
| 321844894 | Estates General | French Parliament consisting of members from each of the 3 estates. Each estate had one vote | 8 | |
| 321844895 | Galileo | First to systematically observe heavens with telescope Observed mountains on moon and moons orbiting Jupiter Universe seemed to be composed of same material that Earth was composed of Galileo was condemned by Church and ordered him to recant Threatened Scripture and made heavens a world of matter, not spiritual | 9 | |
| 321844896 | John Locke | Every person was born with a blank mind Denied innate ideas- molded by environment and by what they experienced Needed to change environment and properly influence people Would lead to a greater society | 10 | |
| 321844897 | Joseph II | Empress Maria Theresa's successor, open for reform Needed to sweep away anything in the path of reason Abolished serfdom Abolished death penalty Established of equality for all before law Complete religious toleration Reforms were a disaster- alienated nobles Successors undid Joseph's reforms | 11 | |
| 321844898 | Mercantilism | ... | 12 | |
| 321844899 | Mestizos | Mixed Spanish and Native born | 13 | |
| 321844900 | Montesquieu | French noble and author of "The Spirit of Laws" Applied scientific method to political and social arena Focused on natural laws- laws applicable to all humans Identified three basic governments: republic, monarchy, and despotism Used example of England with monarchy and constitution to explain importance of checks and balances Two years later it was being read by political leaders that would later write the US Constitution | 14 | |
| 321844901 | Mullatoes | Offspring of Africans and Whites | 15 | |
| 321844902 | National Assembly | June 17, 1789- Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly National Assembly abolished all tax exemptions Adopted Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Basic liberties such as freedom and equal rights Access to all public offices Freedom of Speech and trial by jury | 16 | |
| 321844903 | Peninsular | Top of Latin American society Spainards that came over from Spain | 17 | |
| 321844904 | Philosophes | intellects of the Enlightenment period Literary people, professors, journalists, economists, political scientists Most importantly they were social reformists Paris was recognized as capital of Enlightenment movement Not only discuss problems of world, but fix and change them Reason is what would allow change | 18 | |
| 321844905 | Robespierre | Ran Committee of Public Safety (1793-1794) Took control of France at home Raised an army of 650,000 Continued his political cleansing after victory on battlefield in 1794 which made Reign of Terror unnecessary National Convention didn't feel safe and executed Robespierre | 19 | |
| 321844906 | Rococo | Baroque was still popular, but Rococo began to affect art and architecture Baroque emphasized power, grandeur, and movement Rococo emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action Rejected strict geometric patterns and preferred curves Architecture was a mix of both baroque and rococo Large, grand, and expansive, but fanciful decorations, light, bright colors in high detail | 20 | |
| 321844907 | Rousseau | Two major works Origins of Inequality of Mankind Argued people adopted laws and governors to preserve their private property, but in process became enslaved by government Social Contract (1762) Pushed the concept of social contract Entire society agreed to be governed by general will People should submit to the general will- represented what the community ought to do | 21 | |
| 321844908 | Voltaire | Greatest figure of Enlightenment period Critical of traditional religion and religious fanaticism, intolerance, and superstition Major advocate of religious toleration Proponent of Deism Belief in the existence of a supreme being, or a creator, that does not intervene in the universe | 22 | |
| 321844909 | What were the major achievements of the scientific revolution? | Changed society by the 18th century People used ideals to reexamine all aspects of life Led to age of the Enlightenment Period | 23 | |
| 321844910 | Why was the Catholic Church against the theories of Copernicus and Galileo? | Challenged long held conceptions and beliefs about the world Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christianity were the foundations for the geocentric theory of the universe Earth is at center of universe Universe was made of 10 concentric spheres that moved in circular orbits around the earth Past the 10th sphere was heaven and all saved souls Threatened Scripture and made heavens a world of matter, not spiritual | 24 | |
| 321844911 | Who made up the philosophes? | Intellects of Enlightenment Period: Literary people, professors, journalists, economists, political scientists- were social reformists | 25 | |
| 321844912 | How did the "cottoge industry" system work? | Entrepreneurs bought raw materias to create textiles "Put Out" to rural workers who spun wool into yarn Took yarn to workers who then made yarn into cloth Cloth was then taken to workers who would dye and weave the cloth Completed in their homes or cottages where looms were Sold on the Market | 26 | |
| 321844913 | Who was involved in the Seven Years War? Besides North America, where else was it fought? | British and Prussians vs. Austrians, French, Russians Europe and India | 27 | |
| 321844914 | Describe mercantilism and how it impacted a "mother-country" economy. | Became most popular economic practice Strength on nation is dependent upon the amount of precious metals in treasury Nation had to export more than it imported Encouraged trade monopolies Placed high tariffs on foreign goodsRaw materials like gold, sugar, tobacco, gems made their way to Europe In exchange, the mother country provided manufactured goods the colonies could not produce Portugal and Spain tried to keep others out, but Britain and France became too powerful | 28 | |
| 321844915 | What were the three estates of France and what were they made up of? | First Estate- Clergy About 130,000 people (less than 1%)- owned 10% of land Exempt from tallie (chief tax of France) Divided themselves (high clergy with nobles, parish priest with commoners) Second Estate- Nobility About 350,000- owned 25-30% of land Held most major positions in government, military, law, church offices Exempt from tallie Third Estate Vast majority of the population 75-80%- peasants who owned 35-40% of land Skilled craftspeople and wage earners in city 8% in middle class (bourgeoisie)- owned 20-25% of land Merchants, industrialists, bankers, doctors, lawyers, writers | 29 | |
| 321844916 | Why did the French king call for a meeting of the Estates General? What happened at the meeting? | Social problems and inequality were evident, Bad harvest in 1787 and 1788, Manufacturing depression, Costly wars and Royal extravagance, Bankrupted France Estates General met May 5, 1789 Each Estate had one vote on any matter First and Second Estate overruled Third at every turn Third Estate demanded each representative have a vote June 17, 1789- Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly Important because they had no right to- they took it King threatened to dissolve Estates General July 14, 1789 Mob of Parisians stormed Bastille- Royal armory Tore it down brick by brick King Louis XVI's troops were unable to stop King could no longer enforce his will Recognized as French Independence Day Great Fear Revolts began in cities and country-side all over France Rumors were European monarchs were going to aid Louis XVI | 30 | |
| 321844917 | Describe the following of Napoleon: his rise: | Born in Corsica in 1769 Studied at French schools and excelled enough to earn a scholarship to military school Became a Lieutenant in 1785- not well liked Constantly read work of philosophes or campaigns of great military leaders Made brigadier-general at the age of 25 Victories in Italy made him a hero; blamed others for disasters in Egypt 1799 participated in coup that gave him total control of executive branch at the age of 30 Influenced legislative Appointed loyal members of government Commanded army Directed foreign affairs 1802 was made Consul for Life 1804 crowned himself Emperor of France | 31 | |
| 321844918 | Describe the following of Napoleon: his domestic policies: | First he made peace with Catholic Church Recognized Catholicism as religion of majority in France Pope agreed not to question taking of Church lands Codified the law Created Civil law code that recognized principles of the revolution Equality, end of serfdom, religious toleration, property rights Curtailed some rights Women "less equal" then men Created a strong, talented, centralized government | 32 | |
| 321844919 | Describe the following of Napoleon: his rule: | Napoleon was the military master of Europe Defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia in battles from 1805 to 1807 By 1812, his empire included the French Empire, Spain, Holland, Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and a confederation of German states Napoleon attempted to spread the liberal ideals of the French Revolution throughout his entire empire Empire collapses for two reasons Great Britain Napoleon was never able to defeat Britain- superior naval power Napoleon tried to weaken the British economically with the Continental System Allied states resented being told by Napoleon that they could not trade with the British Nationalism Conquered peoples recognized the power and strength of national feeling exemplified by the Grand Army of France Conquered peoples became united in their hatred of the invaders | 33 | |
| 321844920 | Describe the following of Napoleon: his fall: | Russia Refused to comply with Continental System Napoleon knew risks but had to invade to enforce will Invaded with 600,000 men of the Grand Army Russia refused to engage in battle- retreated instead destroying everything as they left (scorched earth) Left Napoleon and troops nothing to use Made it to Moscow by October 1812 only to find city ablaze Forced to abandon city and retreat during Russian winter By January 1813, only 40,000 remained of the 600,000 A crippled Napoleon caused other European nations to invade Paris captured in March 1814 and Napoleon was sent into exile on island of Elba European nations restored monarchy to Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI People of France were irate- seemed to undo everything the revolution had accomplished Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France Royal troops joined Napoleon and king fled Napoleon raised another army and attacked allied forces in present-day Belgium In 1815, Napoleon's French army was defeated by an Allied force under the command of the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo in Belgium Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena and died in 1821 | 34 | |
| 321844921 | Adam Smith's Government had 3 basic functions: | 1. Protect Society (army) 2. Protect Citizens from injustice (police) 3. Creation of public works that individuals could not afford | 35 | |
| 321844922 | Enlightened Absolutism Reconsidered | Joseph II was the only one that tried radical reforms Frederick and Catherine like to talk about it, and even tried some, but neither fully embraced the Enlightenment movement Most were concerned with maintaining or increasing their power Enlightened reforms, if anything, were used to weaken the landed aristocracy | 36 | |
| 321844923 | Society of Latin America | Intermarriage was acceptable which created multiracial societies Peninsulars- top of society Creoles- Spaniards born in America Mestizos- Mixed Spanish and Native Americans Mulattoes Native Americans and Slaves | 37 | |
| 321844924 | Essay 2: | Calling of the Estates General: action of the Third Estate in declaring itself to be a national assembly Social problems and Inequality: Talk about the 3 clergies and land ownership/ political positions Depression/ Bankrupted France: Costly wars and Royal Extravagance, bad harvests in 1787 and 1788 Manufacturing depression | 38 | |
| 321844925 | Essay 1: | ? | 39 | |
| 321844926 | Essay 3: | ? | 40 |
