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| 8059450288 | Iberians | People of Portugal and Spain | 0 | |
| 8059450289 | Ferdinand of Aragon | Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 1 | |
| 8059450290 | Isabella of Castile | Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 2 | |
| 8059450291 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who hoped to reach the East Indies by sailing westward around the globe | 3 | |
| 8059450292 | Peru and Mexico | Attracted the Spaniards and became the focus of immigration and institution building | 4 | |
| 8059450293 | Caribbean | Frist area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here | 5 | |
| 8059450294 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World; also known as Santo Domingo | 6 | |
| 8059450295 | Taino | People of the islands; provided enough surplus labour to make their distribution to individual Spaniards feasible | 7 | |
| 8059450296 | Encomienda | Grant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labour in Spanish colonies | 8 | |
| 8059450297 | Encomendero | The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labour; Responsible for their integration into the church | 9 | |
| 8059450298 | Depopulated the islands | Gold hunting; slaving; European diseases | 10 | |
| 8059450299 | Ranches | Replaced the gold-hunting phase | 11 | |
| 8059450301 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native Aerican population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights | 12 | |
| 8059450302 | Sugar Plantation Econommy | Replaced bartering with the Native Americans | 13 | |
| 8059450303 | African Slave Import | A result of the decrease in Native American population | 14 | |
| 8059450305 | Hernan Cortes | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan | 15 | |
| 8059450306 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan | 16 | |
| 8059450307 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec empire of Tenochtitlan | 17 | |
| 8059450308 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of the Aztecs | 18 | |
| 8059450309 | Francisco Pizarro | led men to the conquest of the Inca Empire | 19 | |
| 8059450310 | Cuzco | Incan Capital | 20 | |
| 8059450311 | Lima | Spanish major city | 21 | |
| 8059450312 | Francisco Vazques de Coronado | Leader os Spanish expedition in to northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold | 22 | |
| 8059450313 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541 | 23 | |
| 8059450315 | Spanish tools for victory over Natives | Horses, firearms, steel weapons | 24 | |
| 8059450317 | Father Bartolome de Las Casas | Believed that the inhabitants were rational people had h=never done harm to Christians; the conquest of their lands was unjustified | 25 | |
| 8059450318 | Smallpox, influenza, and measles | European diseases that wreaked havoc on the American Indian population | 26 | |
| 8059450319 | Mita | Labour extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Incan imperial control | 27 | |
| 8059450321 | Silver | Formed the basis of Spain's wealth | 28 | |
| 8059450322 | Potosi | Mine located in upper Peru; Largest of New World silver miens; produces 80 percent of all Peruvian silver | 29 | |
| 8059450323 | Zacateca | Major silver mine in Mexico | 30 | |
| 8059450324 | Huancavelica | Location of the greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi | 31 | |
| 8059450325 | Mining | Heart of the colonial economy | 32 | |
| 8059450326 | Haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy | 33 | |
| 8059450327 | Small textile sweatshops | Ecuador, New Spain, Peru | 34 | |
| 8059450328 | Consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over old shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return; kept prices high in the colonies | 35 | |
| 8059450329 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion (bulk silver or gold); two also sailed from Philippines to Mexico with Chinese silks, lacquer, and porcelain | 36 | |
| 8059450331 | Loss of Silver from Spain | Pay for Spain's European Wars; long-term debts; purchase of manufactured goods to be sent back to the West Indies; inflation in Spain | 37 | |
| 8059450332 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres and influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands to the east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands to the west of Brazil to Spain | 38 | |
| 8059450333 | Letrados | University trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy ; exercised both legislative and administrative functions | 39 | |
| 8059450334 | Recopilacion | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possession sin New World; basis of law in the Indies | 40 | |
| 8059450335 | Council of the Indies | Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World | 41 | |
| 8059450336 | Viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king | 42 | |
| 8059450337 | Viceroys | Senior government officials in Spanish America. They rules as direct representative of the king over the principal administrative units or viceroyalties. They were usually high ranking Spanish nobles with previous military or governmental experience. The Portuguese also used viceroys who resided in Goa for their possessions in the Indian Ocean, and then after the mid Seventeenth century for their colony in Brazil | 43 | |
| 8059450338 | Audiencias | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates | 44 | |
| 8059450342 | Sor Juana Ines de al Cruz | Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters | 45 | |
| 8059450343 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 46 | |
| 8059450344 | Capitaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony | 47 | |
| 8059450345 | Sugar | Main product of Brazil | 48 | |
| 8059450346 | Paulistas | Backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century | 49 | |
| 8059450347 | Minas Gerais | Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush | 50 | |
| 8059450348 | Gold Rush | Led to people leaving towns and a huge influx of immigration from portugal to Brazil | 51 | |
| 8059450349 | Rio de Janerio | Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763 | 52 | |
| 8059450350 | Sociedad de Castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or white at top, black slaves or Native Americans at the bottom, and mixed races in the middle | 53 | |
| 8059450351 | Castas | People of mixed origins; tended to be shopkeepers and small farmers | 54 | |
| 8059450352 | Peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain | 55 | |
| 8059450353 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath the peninsulares | 56 | |
| 8059450355 | Amigos del pais | Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform | 57 | |
| 8059450357 | Charles II | Spanish king during Spain's time of crisis who died without an heir | 58 | |
| 8059450358 | Philip of Anjou | A bourbon and relative of the king of France who was named successor to the Spanish throne | 59 | |
| 8059450359 | War of Spanish Succession | Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; | 60 | |
| 8059450360 | Treaty of Utrecht | Resolved the War of Spanish Succession; Resulted in the recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French | 61 | |
| 8059450361 | Bourbon Dynasty | Started with the succession by Philip to the Spanish throne; launched a series of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy | 62 | |
| 8059450362 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788l instituted fiscal (gov. revenue), administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empires | 63 | |
| 8059450363 | Englightened monarchs | wanted to revive Spain; make the government more effective, more powerful, and better able to direct the economy | 64 | |
| 8059450364 | Jose de Galvez | Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government | 65 | |
| 8059450368 | Cuba | Island in the Caribbean that exported sugar, coffee, tobacco; imported slaves | 66 | |
| 8059450369 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy | 67 | |
| 8059450371 | Comunero Revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels | 68 | |
| 8059450372 | Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui | known as Tupac Amaru | 69 | |
| 8059450373 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution | 70 |
