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| 3448157407 | Niccolo and Maffeo Polo | -jewel merchants who traveled from Venice to Constantinople, were envoys of Khubilai Khan, traveled to Europe with Marco Polo to learn about Roman Catholicism | 0 | |
| 3448157408 | Social and Economic Problems in the Late Byzantine Emprie | -11th century theme system fell into disuse; wealthy landowners acquired properties of independent peasants and made them into large estates -Made free peasants into agricultural laborers, led to diminished tax receipts for central gov. | 1 | |
| 3448157409 | Challenges from the West | -11th century Normans, descendants of Vikings, had regional state in Italy and expelled Byzantine authorities -crusades: military campaigns to recapture Jerusalem from Muslims -1204 fourth crusade Venetians sacked and conquered Constantinople -Byzantine recaptured city in 1261 | 2 | |
| 3448157410 | Challenges from the East | - Muslim Seljuqs invaded into Anatolia, defeated Byzantine @ battle of Manzikert -Byzantine had civil war, allowed Seljuqs to control Anatolia -Byzantine empire fell in 1453 when Ottoman Turks under leadership of Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople | 3 | |
| 3448157411 | Otto I | -established himself king of Germany; campaigned east of Elbe River and into Italy -Pope John XII proclaimed him emperor in 962; beginning of Holy Roman Empire -tense relations between popes and emperors; emperors wanted to influence selection of church officials and extend authority in Italy | 4 | |
| 3448157412 | Investiture Contest | -controversy over appointment of church officials -Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) ordered end to practice of lay investiture: selection and installation of church officials by emperors -Emperor Henry IV (10056-1106) challenged policy, Gregory excommunication him and released subjects from their duty to obey him; princes rebelled | 5 | |
| 3448157413 | Frederick Barbarossa | -emperor, reigned 1152-1190 -wanted to absorb Lombardy in northern Italy; popes protested -papal policies didn't allow Holy Roman empire to become powerful state -Voltaire said the Holy Roman empire was neither holy or Roman or an empire; it was regional state ruling Germany, influence in eastern Europe and Italy | 6 | |
| 3448157414 | Capetian France | -987 lords of France elected noble Hugh Capet to serve as king after death of last Carolingian -descendants expanded political influence, relying on relationships w/ lords and retainers; had centralized power in France | 7 | |
| 3448157415 | The Normans | -dukes of Normandy built centralized state, all authority from the dukes -entitled to all land; built castles where armies dominated territories | 8 | |
| 3448157416 | Norman England | -1066 Duke William of Normandy invaded England -William the Conqueror, introduced Norman principles of gov't and land tenure -ruled over tightly centralized realm -both Capetians and Normans faced external and internal struggles, battled each other | 9 | |
| 3448157417 | Church Influence in Italy | -ecclesiastical states, city-states and principalities competed for power in Italy -popes provided political leadership in central Italy, the Papal State -bishops organized public life in northern Italy | 10 | |
| 3448157418 | Italian States | -City-states (Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Venice) dominated surrounding lands -Normans invaded in southern Italy, territories claimed by Byzantine and Muslims -Norman pilgrims aided people of Salerno to fight off Muslims in 999 -aided city of Bari in struggle from independence from Byzantine (1017-18) -overcame Byzantine and Muslim authorities, brought southern Italy under Roman Catholicism, laid foundation for kingdom of Naples | 11 | |
| 3448157419 | Christian and Muslim States in Iberia | -Muslims ruled most of Iberian peninsula -11th century: Christians attacked Muslims -Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal controlled most of Iberian peninsula -medieval Europe in political chaos | 12 | |
| 3448157420 | Expansion of Arable Land | -monks and serfs cleared forests, drained swamps, increased amount of land for agriculture -lords encouraged expansion of cultivation | 13 | |
| 3448157421 | Improved Agricultural Techniques | -during high middle ages had new crops w/ different crop rotation -increased cultivation of beans, kept more domestic animals, raised fish | 14 | |
| 3448157422 | New Tools and Technologies | -expanded use of water mills and heavy plows -introduction of horseshoe and horse collar: made it possible to increase amount of workable land -Horseshoes prevented split hooves -collars lessened load on horse neck, put pressure on chest and shoulders | 15 | |
| 3448157423 | New Crops | -early middle ages-grains; gruel and bread -high middle ages-meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, legumes (beans and peas) -Mediterranean lands-hard durum wheat, rice, spinach, artichokes, eggplant, lemons, limes, oranges, melons | 16 | |
| 3448157424 | Population Growth | -800: 29 mill, 1000- 36 mill -1100: 44 mill -1200: 58 mill, 1300 79 mill | 17 | |
| 3448157425 | Urbanization | -food production supported urban residents: artisans merchants etc -peasants and serfs went to cities, founded new towns ex. Paris, London, Toledo-became gov't & business centers | 18 | |
| 3448157426 | Textile Production | -population growth led to specialization of labor-wool textiles -Italy and Flanders became centers for spinning, weaving, dyeing of wool -wool trade boosted economy | 19 | |
| 3448157427 | Mediterranean Trade | -Amalfi and Venice were ports for merchants trading between Byzantine and Muslims -Italians exchanged salt, olive oil, wine, wool, leather, glass for gems, spices, silk etc -merchants had colonies in Black and Mediterranean seas | 20 | |
| 3448157428 | The Hanseatic League | -trade network in Baltic and North Seas -association of trading cities from Novgorod to London -dominated trade in grain, fish, furs, timbers, pitch | 21 | |
| 3448157429 | Improved Business Techniques | -bankers issued letters of credit to merchants; exchanged credit for merchandise or cash -had partnerships w/ other merchants | 22 | |
| 3448157430 | The Three Estates | -"those who pray": clergy of Roman Catholic Church; loyalty to church rather than rulers -"those who fight": came from ranks of nobles; received education based on equestrian skills and military arts -"those who worked" majority of population, cultivated land as peasants dependent on protection from lords | 23 | |
| 3448157431 | Chivalry | -code of ethics and behavior for nobles -church officials promoted chivalry | 24 | |
| 3448157432 | Troubadours | -women promoted refined behavior and respectful relations between sexes -troubadours: traveling poets, minstrels, entertainers; most active in southern France and northern Italy -drew inspiration from tradition of love poetry in Muslim spain | 25 | |
| 3448157433 | Eleanor of Aquitaine | -troubadours went to Poitiers where Eleanor supported romantic poets and entertainers -encouraged good manners, romantic love | 26 | |
| 3448157434 | Independent Cities | -urban expansion led to growth of cities; broke free from authority of lords -11th century townspeople wanted lors to grant them charters of incorporation that exempted them from political regulations, allowing them to manage own affairs, abolished taxes and tolls | 27 | |
| 3448157435 | Guilds | -regulated production and sale of goods -established standards of quality for manufactured goods; required members to adopt techniques of production -determined prices members sold products -regulated entry of new workers into groups -provided friendship and mutual support; guild men socialized -provided financial and moral support for families -arranged funeral services | 28 | |
| 3448157436 | Urban Women | -women in countryside had domestic duties -urban women worked as butchers, brewers, bankers, shoemakers etc -dominated textile production and decorative arts -guilds allowed females, had some exclusively female groups: Paris had six guilds that were only women | 29 | |
| 3448157437 | Cathedral Schools | -bishops and archbishops organized schools in cathedrals -writing based on Latin, official language of Roman Catholic Church; students read bible and writings of church fathers | 30 | |
| 3448157438 | Universities | -guilds made cathedral schools into universities; first in Bologna, Paris, Salerno, appeared in Rome, Naples, Seville, Salamanca,, Oxford etc | 31 | |
| 3448157439 | The Influence of Aristotle | -obtained Latin translations of Aristotle thought from Byzantine and Muslim philosophers; translated into Arabic | 32 | |
| 3448157440 | Scholasticism: St. Thomas Aquinas | -Scholastic theology sought to synthesize beliefs and values of Christianity w/ Greek philosophy -Aquinas believed Aristotle provided most powerful analysis of world according to human reason, Christianity explained world and human life as results of a divine plan -formulate most truthful and persuasive system of thought: believed existence of God didn't depend on person's faith; never recognized personal deity -didn't appeal to popular audiences | 33 | |
| 3448157441 | sacraments | -holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings -7 sacraments: baptism, matrimony, penance, Eucharist -Eucharist most important; priests offered ritual meal commemorating last supper -Eucharist protected ppl from sudden death | 34 | |
| 3448157442 | Devotion to Saints | -saints: human beings who led exemplary lives God held in special esteem; enjoyed influence w/ heavenly authorities, able to intervene on behalf of ppl -Medieval ppl prayed for saints to ensure admission to heaven -believed saints could cure diseases etc | 35 | |
| 3448157443 | The Virgin Mary | -most popular saint during high middle ages; personified womanhood, love and sympahty -churches and cathedrals dedicated to her; Notre Dame-"our lady" | 36 | |
| 3448157444 | Saints' Relics | -clothes, locks of hair, teeth and bones of famous saints -most popular were relics of Jesus or Virgin Mary; ex. crown of thorns worn by Jesus, drops of Virgin's milk | 37 | |
| 3448157445 | Pilgrimage | -pilgrims traveled to honor saints; visited Rome and Compostela (Spain), Jerusalem sometimes -Rome was spiritual center of western Christian society: churches of Rome had relics of St. Peter and St. Paul -relics of St. James in cathedral of Santiago de Compostela -pilgrimage led to travel industry:inns along routes to popular churches, guides led pilgrims to religious sites, guidebooks | 38 | |
| 3448157446 | Dominicans and Franciscans | -St. Dominic (1170-1221) and St. Francis (1182-1226) founded orders of mendicants (beggars), aka Dominican and Franciscan friars -begged for food, active in towns and cities, persuaded heretics to return to Roman Catholic Church | 39 | |
| 3448157447 | Popular Heresy | -Waldensians, active in southern France and northern Italy, thought Roman Catholic church immoral and corrupt -gave right to laity to preach sacraments, only allowed by priests in church | 40 | |
| 3448157448 | Bogomils and Cathars | -Bogomils, Bulgaria and Byzantine, viewed world as cosmic struggle between forces of good and evil; reflected Manichaeans views -despised material world, adopted ascetic life -movement grew in tenth century, Cathars promoted similar views in southern France and northern Italy -gov't and church officials led campaigns against Bogomils an Cathars | 41 | |
| 3448157449 | Vinland | -Scandinavians occupied Iceland, discovered Greenland by Eric the Red -Leif Ericsson founded Newfoundland in 1000; called it Vinland bc of grape growth | 42 | |
| 3448157450 | Christianity in Scandinavia | -kings of Denmark and Norway converted to Christianity in tenth century, subjects converted gradually -Iceland adopted Christianity in 999 | 43 | |
| 3448157451 | Crusading Orders and Baltic Expansion | -Christians formed military-religious orders, most prominent were Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights-took religious vows and devoted lives to struggle against Muslims -Teutonics most active in Baltic region (Prussia, Livonia, Lithuania), campaigns against Slavics, founded churches and monasteries aided by German missionaries | 44 | |
| 3448157452 | The Reconquest of Sicily | -Muslims conquered Sicily in 9th century, Norman warriors returned Sicily to Christians in 11th century -Robert Guiscard made state for himself in southern Italy, brother Roger undertook conquest of Sicily and established authority in 1090 -missionaries and clergy appeared, Islam didn't disappear | 45 | |
| 3448157453 | The Reconquista of Spain | -caliphate of Cordoba ruled most of Iberian peninsula, small Christian state in Catalonia in nw, Kingdom of Leon resisted Muslims -began in 1060s, Christians recaptured Lisbon in 1150 -Granada remained Muslim until 1492 when Christian forces complete reconquista -popes encouraged campaign against Muslims -church officials established bishoprics, organized campaigns to convert populations -Dominican friars explained Christianity in terms of scholastic theology and Aristotle | 46 | |
| 3448157454 | The Crusades | -holy war; derived from Latin word crux, corss -term refers to expeditions of Roman Catholics against Muslims to recapture Palestine and Jerusalem | 47 | |
| 3448157455 | Pope Urban II | -launched crusades in 1095 -spoke at Council of Clermont, warned church leaders that Muslim Turks were threatening borders of Christendom, urged princes to stabilize borders and recapture Jerusalem saying "Deus vult" God wills it! | 48 | |
| 3448157456 | The First Crusade | -1096 armies went to Palestine, 1097 and 98 captured Edessa, Antioch, 1099 Jerusalem fell to crusaders -crusaders' success encouraged Turks, Egyptians, and other Muslims to settle differences to expel Christians from Mediterranean -Edessa fell to Turks in 1144, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 | 49 | |
| 3448157457 | The Later Crusades | -4th crusade (1202-1204): crusaders ravaged Constantinople, seat of Eastern Orthodox Christianity | 50 | |
| 3448157458 | Consequences of the Crusades | -crusades important for social, economic, commercial, and cultural consequences; crusaders built states in Palestine and Syria, scholars and missionaries dealt w/ Muslim philosophers and theologians, merchants traded w/ Muslims -led to exchange of ideas, technologies and trade goods -Europeans learned works of Aristotle, Islamic science and astronomy, Arabic numerals, techniques of paper production, new foods such as spices, granulated sugar, coffee and dates, trade goods such as silk, cotton, carpets, tapestries -italian merchants developed new products and sold them in cities -Niccolo, Maffeo and Marco Poplo traded gems and jewelry | 51 |
