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| 92874664 | Australopithecus | East Africa 4 million to 1 million years ago. Walked upright on 2 legs, well developed hands. Stone tools | 0 | |
| 92874665 | Homo Sapiens | Evolved 200,000 years ago; reflective thought w/ large frontal regions; ice land bridge=able to populate other continents. used knives,spears,bows, arrows; = pressure on other species. | 1 | |
| 92874666 | Homo Erectus | 3.5 million to 200,000 years ago East Africa; large brain, sophisticated tools; knew how to control fires; dev. lang. skills in hunts for large an. | 2 | |
| 92874667 | Venus Figurines | fertility | 3 | |
| 92874668 | Neolithic era | refined tools and agri.; 12,000 to 6,000 yrs ago. Women=began systematic cultivation of pplants. Men=domesticate animals. Early agri. around 9000 BCE. Emerged independently; population explosion caused by surplus= emergence of villages/towns (Jericho=earliest known v);mud huts & defen. walls; pottery, metallurgy,textile production= social distinctions | 4 | |
| 92874669 | Catal Huyuk | Neolithic site of 8,000 people had calendars | 5 | |
| 92874670 | Ch. 2: Gilgamesh | themes of relations b/w gods & humans; friendship & meaning of life & death; Gilg= 5th king of Uruk in 2700 BCE ruled for 126 yrs. &great hero of Meso.;gods gave him strength & built walls of Uruk; wanted to live forever~ finally had accept death as ultimate fate of humanity | 6 | |
| 92874671 | Sargon of Akkad | 2370-2315 BCE was minister to king of Kish recruited army against king & Sumerian city-states; conquered cities 1 by 1= armies grew larger and stronger; seized control of trade routes& supplies; Akkad=wealthiest&most powerful city;rebellion b/c imperial rule~collapsed 2000 BCE | 7 | |
| 92874672 | Assyrians | (northern Meso. 1300-612 BCE) powerful army; conquer north israel, judah in south& destroy jerusalem; build distinct Jew commun. when banashed come back to Judea (=Jews); prof. officers, archers,iron weapons; unpop. rule=rebellion; ends | 8 | |
| 92874673 | Hammurabi | Babylon=capital H ruled from; made reg. taxes=more eff. gov.; men are head of household (patriarchal); extensive Meso. law code followed lex talonis & importance of social class. standards~created unity of empire | 9 | |
| 92874674 | Mesopotamian Metallurgy& technology | Read pg 98 | 10 | |
| 92874675 | Lex Talionis | (law of retaliation)= whatever violation was=punishment Hammurabi Law Code | 11 | |
| 92874676 | Hittites | settle in Anatolia 2000 BCE Build powerful kingdoms; conquerBabylonian empire 1595 BCE=dissolve 12000 BCE; technology:light horse chariots & iron metallurgy; some migrate into central Asia by 200 BCE | 12 | |
| 92874677 | Sumer | =pop. center; built worlds 1st cities in around 4000 BCE; by 3000 BCE kings=authority of city | 13 | |
| 92874678 | Ch. 3: Political organization in Egypt | earliest states= small kingdoms; peasents & slaves (agri.), pharoah, professional military & admin.; Villages: Memphis= head of delta, Thebes= admin. center of Upper Egypt, Heliopolis=center of sun god cult, Tanis=important sea port on Medit. | 14 | |
| 92874679 | Pyramids | Built during Old Kingdom (2660-2160 BCE)= royal tombs. Largest pyramid=Khufu precise cutting of 2,300,000 limestone blocks up to 15 tons; required 84,000 laborers working eighty days a year for 20 yrs.; | 15 | |
| 92874680 | Decline of Egypt | New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE) Pharoah gains power; huge army; building temples, palaces, statues; Tuthmosis III built empire Palestine, Syrian, Nubia Egypt falls into period of decline; Nubians driven out of Nubia 1100 BCE; Kingdom of Kush driven out by Assyrians invaded from north & subjected Egypt to Assyrian rule; after mid- 6th century BCE Egypt=fell to series of foreign conquerors | 16 | |
| 92874681 | Diffusion of Tech. in Sub-Saharan Africa | Bantu--lived along banks river from central Africa; rate of migration increases after 1000 BCE due to iron; iron tools allow clear more land for agri.; iron weapons give stronger position; spread of agric. by 1000 BCE to sub-Saharan Africa | 17 | |
| 92874682 | Cult of Amon-Re | Principal gods in Egypt=Amon (local Theban city associate with sun,creation, fertility) & Re(sun god);Priests honored them both=comined into cult; massive temple supported priests who headed cult | 18 | |
| 92874683 | Bantu origins & migrations | Bantu from west central Africa Live along banks of rivers-use canoes;cultivate yams; live in clan-based villages; trade w/ hunting/gathering forest people; Migrations (3000-1000 BCE) move south & west into forest lands; move south to Congo Riv. & east to Great Lakes region; absorb much of pop. of hunter/gather people; by 1000 BCE occupy most of Africa south of equat. | 19 | |
| 92874684 | Ch. 4: Aryan Migrations | took Indra as leader= war god and millitary hero; invasion of India- migrated in sizeable numbers into south Asia they came into conflict with Dravidian people already living; when both clashed~Aryans took Indra as guide; opened way for new mig.; | 20 | |
| 92874685 | Caste System | caste= unchangeable, social classes; 4 main varnas (social classes) after 1000 BCE: Brahmins=priests, Kshatriyas=warriors & aristocrats, Vaishyas=artisans, merchants, Shudras=landless peasents & serfs, later untouchables added (about Vedic age) =people who performed dirty tasksor unpleasent tasks | 21 | |
| 92874686 | Lawbook of Manu | advised men treat women w/ respect & honor;women duties: bear children & maintain house; slaves (sudra)= bottom of social classes & forever in servitude; 1st century BCE; dealt w/ moral behaviour & social relationships; master cannot release; only when sudra is pure, gentle & free from pride= higher caste; Women did not really learn Vedas & only menn inherited prop. | 22 | |
| 92874687 | Vedas | Priests views of major social class distinctions. Had effect of enhancing status & power of priests. WATCH PBS Story of India | 23 | |
| 92874688 | Upanishads | works of religious teachings (800-400 BCE) means gathering before a sage to discuss religious issues; most were men; taught: appearances can be decieving, each person particip. in larger order & forms small part of universal soul= Brahmin. Believed souls were born into world many times (sometimes even as animals or plants); highest goal of soul=escape reincarnation & enter into permanent union w/ Brahman; dev. several doctrines explained: Samsara-an indiv. soul born many times, Karma-specific incarnations that a soul experienced, Moksha- deep, dreamless sleep came w/ permanant liberation from incarnation | 24 | |
| 92874689 | Hinduism | achieve salvation through meeting caste respons.; lead honorable lives; different from Budhism b/c could lead active lives in world; 4 main principles of human life: Dharma-obedience to religious & moral laws, Artha-pursuit of economic well being& honesty, Moksha- enjoyment of physical, social & sexual pleasure | 25 | |
| 92874691 | Ch. 5: River civilizations in China | Yellow river ("Huang He")- water source at high plateu of Tibet; Neolithic societies after 5000 BCE Yangshao society in middle of yellow river valley (5000 to 3000 BCE) discovery at Banpo village of fine pottery, bone tools Yangzi river= dependable; 6,300 km; no need for king Yu tame b/c no floods; State of Chu in central region of Yanzi | 26 | |
| 92874692 | Bronze Metallurgy | Reached China by 1200 BCE; Xia dynasty already made use of bronze tools & weapons; Shang elites able to monopolize prod. of bronze in Yellow River valley by controlling access to copper and tin & emplloying craftsmen to produce many bronze axes, spears, etc.== strengthened Shang force again Xia; also used to make fittings for chariots | 27 | |
| 93062392 | Zhou political contributions | decentralized; used princes & relatives to rule regions; trusted military forces to enfore their will; Zhou forces won agnst Shang in 1122 BCE; very large state= 1 court could not rule entire land efficiently b/c no comm.; arranged marriages to strengthen political relationships; subordinates (seperate rulers to regions of Zhou) estab. own bases of power; indep. of Zhou | 28 | |
| 93062393 | "Mandate of Heaven" | ruler served as link b/w heaven and earth, duty to gov., son of heaven, claim by Chinese kings of the Zhou dynasty that they had direct authority from heaven to rule and to keep order in the universe | 29 | |
| 93062394 | Period of Warring States | (403-221 BCE); territorial princes ignored central gov. & used resources to build own states; fought a lot with one another; last king abdicated position 256 BCE b/c under pressurce from sub of Qin | 30 | |
| 93062395 | Chinese relations with nomads | exhanged products w/ Chinese farmers; frequently invaded rich agri. society; didn't obey Chinese ways; relied on grains & manufactured goods of Chin.; couldnt produce themselves | 31 | |
| 93062396 | Ch. 6: Olmecs | lived near Gulf of Mexico (1200 BC) ; built elaborate complexes The colossal human heads--possibly likenesses of rulers Rulers' power shown in construction of huge pyramids Trade in jade and obsidian Decline of Olmecs: systematically destroyed ceremonial centers by 400 B.C.E. | 32 | |
| 93106277 | Ch. 7: Cyrus | The Achaemenid (reigned 558-530 BCE); became king of Persian tribes; all of Iran under his control by 548 BCE; Cyrus' conquest= foundation of 1st Persian empire (Achaemenids) | 33 | |
| 93140143 | Darius | greatest of achaemenid emperors; reigned 530-486 BCE; kinsman of Cyrus; armies pushed into India; gained kingdom of Gadhara; was an admin. more than conqueror= gov. far empire; estab. commun.; diverse empire over 70 ethnicities | 34 | |
| 93140144 | Xerxes | reigned 486-465 BCE; policy of toleration to respect values & traditions of peoples they ruled but Xerxes retreated from this policy=caused ill will & rebellions among people in Meso. & Egypt; serious problems to hold together empire after his reign | 35 | |
| 93140145 | Satrapies | achaemenids appointed gov. to serve as agents of central admin.; Darius divided realm into 23 satrapies=admin. & taxation districts gov. by satraps;most were Persians; each satrapy had military officers & tax collectors so wouldn't become indepentdent; rulers created imperial spies (known as eyes and ear of king") | 36 | |
| 93140146 | Battle of Marathon | 490 BCE Persians suffers loss; returns home w/o achieving goals | 37 | |
| 93140147 | Zoroastrianism | emerged from teaching of Zarathustra who left home in search of wisdom; had vision, supreme god=Ahura Mazda made him prophet; The Gathas, Zarathustra's hymns in honor of deities; moral teachings allowed humans to enjoy world & what it has to offer; good words, thoughts and deeds only | 38 | |
| 93140148 | Athura Mazda | zoroastrian: supreme god and supreme deity, with 6 lesser deities; Darius ordered stone inscription of devotion to Ahura; regarded him as creator of sky, earth; cosmic conflict b/w Ahura Mazda=good & Angra Mainyu=evil | 39 | |
| 93140149 | Angra Mainyu | evil (opposite of Ahura Mazda) | 40 | |
| 93140150 | Seleucid, Parthian, Sassanid similarities | After Alexander's death-generals carved empire into 3 realms; most went to Seleucus (305-281 BCE); used Achaemenid system of admin.; faced opposition from native Persians; lost control over northern India & Iran; Roman conquerers put end to empire; Parthians=Achaem. system admin. too; decentralized; Sassanids elaborate system of admin. like Achaem. | 41 | |
| 93177611 | Ch. 8: Qin Shihuangdi | ... | 42 |
