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| 260423480 | Persian Wars | A series of wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire (5th century B.C.). | 0 | |
| 260423481 | Peloponnesian War | a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta | 1 | |
| 260423482 | Marathon | a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians | 2 | |
| 260423483 | Salamis | naval battle where the Greek forces defeated the Persians, shortly after the battle at Thermopylae, where Persian ships were too large to maneuver. | 3 | |
| 260423484 | Antigonid empire | The empire in Greece after the breakup of Alexander's empire., The portion of Alexander's realm that that included Greece and Macedon. | 4 | |
| 260423485 | Ptolemaic empire | The empire in the Egyptian area after the breakup of Alexander's empire, had the Megalopolis of Alexandria, many ports, helped trade | 5 | |
| 260423486 | Seleucid empire | the largest kingdom that came of the division of Alexander's empire, The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria, became the largest | 6 | |
| 260423487 | Epicureans | promoted the ideas that pleasure of the mind is to contemplate the pleasure of the body, the safest social pleasure was friendship, and if gods did exist, they didn't become involved in human affairs | 7 | |
| 260423488 | Skeptics | people who frequently doubt and question matters that are generally accepted | 8 | |
| 260423489 | Stoics | People who sought freedom from passion and harmony with nature | 9 | |
| 260423490 | Demeter | (Greek mythology) goddess of fertility and protector of marriage in ancient mythology,harvest and agriculture | 10 | |
| 260423491 | Dionysus | (Greek mythology) god of wine and fertility and drama | 11 | |
| 260423492 | Zeus | the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology | 12 | |
| 260423493 | Apollo | god of poetry, music, prophecy, medicine, and archery, light | 13 | |
| 260423494 | Socrates | philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method | 14 | |
| 260423495 | Plato | Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society | 15 | |
| 260423496 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. | 16 | |
| 260423497 | Philip of Macedon | father of Alexander the Great; had three goals: to raise the economic and cultural level of his people, to united the Greek city states under Macedonian rule, and to lead a combined Greek/ Macedonian army against the Persian Empire | 17 | |
| 260423498 | Solon | Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt | 18 | |
| 260423499 | Pericles | Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. | 19 | |
| 260423500 | Seleucus | Greek general under Alexander the Great whoe took most of the old Persian Empire, which became known as the Seleucid kingdom. | 20 | |
| 260423501 | Sappho | (born ca. 612 B.C.E.) One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love. | 21 | |
| 260423502 | Arrian | Greek historian who suggested that the fire at Persepolis was set in revenge for the Persian burning of Athens | 22 | |
| 260423503 | Antigonus | became king of Macedonia and took control of the Greek city states | 23 | |
| 260423504 | Ptolemy | an ancient dynasty of Macedonian kings who ruled Egypt from 323 BC to 30 BC | 24 | |
| 260423505 | Aeschylus | writer of tragedies; wrote Oresteia; proposed the idea of having two actors and using props and costumes | 25 | |
| 260423506 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex | 26 | |
| 260423507 | Euripides | writer, used regular people instead of Gods, and tried to answer real life questions in playwrite | 27 | |
| 260423508 | Aristophanes | Greek writer and comtemporary of Sophocles and Euripides. Was the "Father of Comedy" - used satire and fantasy to challenge problematic situations. Most famous: The Archarnians and The Lysistrata | 28 | |
| 260423509 | Arthashastra | political treatise written during reign of Chandragupta Maurya; advocated use of spies and assassins, bribery, and scientific forms of warfare | 29 | |
| 260423510 | Ahimsa | a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence | 30 | |
| 260423511 | Brahmins | special priests of the Indo-Aryan societywho knew the proper forms and rulesof their complicated religious rituals | 31 | |
| 260423512 | Kshatriyas | second level of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; WARRIORS | 32 | |
| 260423513 | Vaishyas | peasants & traders, merchants in Hindu society; 3rd level of caste system | 33 | |
| 260423514 | Shudras | fourth caste of laborers, craftworkers and servants in the Indian caste system | 34 | |
| 260423515 | Jainism | a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics. | 35 | |
| 260423516 | Kushan | nomadic warriors took power in India, silk road | 36 | |
| 260423517 | Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth | 37 | |
| 260423518 | Hinduism | a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a | 38 | |
| 260423519 | Buddha | founder of Buddhism | 39 | |
| 260423520 | Boddhisatva | Buddhist concept regarding individuals who had reached enlightenment but who stayed in this world to help people. | 40 | |
| 260423521 | Mahabharata | (Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families | 41 | |
| 260423522 | Ramayana | A Hindu epic written in Sanskrit that describes the adventures of the king Rama and his queen | 42 | |
| 260423523 | Bhagavad Gita | (Hinduism) the sacred 'song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic) | 43 | |
| 260423524 | Artha | Material success and social prestige, one of the four goals of life | 44 | |
| 260423525 | Kama | pleasure, especially sensual love; one of the four goals of life. | 45 | |
| 260423526 | Chandragupta Maurya | founder of the Mauryan Empire | 46 | |
| 260423527 | Kautalya | Advisor of Chandragupta who wrote ancient political handbook known as the Arthashastra, a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and the principles of government | 47 | |
| 260423528 | Ashoka | a ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism | 48 | |
| 260423529 | Chandra Gupta | the founder and ruler of the Gupta Empire | 49 | |
| 260423530 | Samudra Gupta | son of Chandra Gupta. became king in A.D. 335. loved arts but had warlike side. expanded empire through forty years of conquest | 50 | |
| 260423531 | Chandra Gupta II | Further expanded the empire and strengthened its economy. His reign was a period of prosperity. Gupta Empire reached its height under his rule. | 51 | |
| 260423532 | Vardhamana Mahavira | Indian ascetic philosopher and the principal founder of Jainism | 52 | |
| 260423533 | Siddharta Gautama | the founder of the Buddist religion,he was known as Buddha or "the enlightened one" | 53 | |
| 260423534 | Vishnu | A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world | 54 | |
| 260423535 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 55 | |
| 260423536 | Junzi | Nobleman or gentleman, Confucius's term for a person of high moral character | 56 | |
| 260423537 | Ren | The Confucian virtue of ____ ("benevolence" or "humaneness") means that a person will always do what is right, regardless of the consequences. | 57 | |
| 260423538 | Li | Chinese distance measure | 58 | |
| 260423539 | Xiao | filial piety, the virtue of reverence and respect for family | 59 | |
| 260423540 | Dao | The proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the mandate of heaven. | 60 | |
| 260423541 | Admonitions for Women | emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as well as the virtues most appropriate for women. | 61 | |
| 260423542 | Daoism | Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature. | 62 | |
| 260423543 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. | 63 | |
| 260423544 | Wuwei | one of the two important concepts in Taoism; "non-action" "letting go/effortless action/going with the flow"; sage's practice allowing things to be; action is not premeditated/forced but is spontaneous and harmonius in response to the situation | 64 | |
| 260423545 | Classic of Filial Piety | composed probably in the early Han dynasty, taught that children should obey and honor their parents as well as other superiors and political authorities. | 65 | |
| 260423546 | Xiongnu | nomads who terrorized the border and were defeated by Wudi. Lived in the steppes or grasslands north of China. Were the biggest threat to security. | 66 | |
| 260423547 | Sericulture | raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk | 67 | |
| 260423548 | Kong Fuzi | "Master Philosopher Kong" or Confucius; Came from aristocratic family in Lu in China, served as educator and political advisor, did not address philosophical questions because he thought they would not help solve current problems, tried to create junzi (suprerior individuals who took a broad view of public affairs and did not allow personal interest to cloud their judgment, need strong learning and sense of moral integrity to become a government official), emphasized ren (kindness), li (propriety), and xiao (filial piety) | 68 | |
| 260423549 | Mencius | major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects. | 69 | |
| 260423550 | Xunzi | Believed humans selfishly pursued their own interests, no matter what effects their actions had on others, resisted making any contribution voluntarily to the larger society. Legalist and confucian ideas. | 70 | |
| 260423551 | Laozi | The "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; he founded Taoism (Daoism). | 71 | |
| 260423552 | Zhuangzi | ca. 369-286 BCE. great teacher of Daoism after Laozi one of the main contributors in Doaism; used stories and humour to promote a philosophy of freedom from social constraints and conditioning that could lead one back to an original undistorted state of being | 72 | |
| 260423553 | Shang Yang | founder of legalism, minister to the duke of qin | 73 | |
| 260423554 | Ban Zhao | one of the best known women who achieved a position of status in Han China. A Confucian scholar and writer who wrote poems and essays and the history of the Han dynasty. | 74 | |
| 260423555 | Han Feizi | A student of the Confucian scholar Xunzi, a systematic Legalist theorist. Served as an advisor at the Qin court, but fell to ambitious men who made him take poison. | 75 | |
| 260423556 | Qin Shihuangdi | Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing. | 76 | |
| 260423557 | Liu Bang | helped overthrow Qin dynasty, 1st emperor of the Han dynasty, was born a peasant and worked way up to emperor | 77 | |
| 260423558 | Han Wudi | The most important Han Emperor. Expanded the Empire in all directions. Created the Civil Service System. Established Public Schools. | 78 | |
| 260423559 | Maodun | The most successful leader of the Xiongnu. He brought strict military discipline. | 79 | |
| 260423560 | Wang Mang | ruled for a child emporer then takes over (9 AD - 23 AD) sets up graineries for the poor, new money, because of land reforms people didn't like him; 11AD = bad flood (he was blamed); he was assasinated | 80 | |
| 260423561 | Achaemenid | 558- 333B.C.E, first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus who capitalized on weakening Syrian and Babylonian empires. Peak was under Darius | 81 | |
| 260423562 | Seleucid | - This Empire began in 281 BC, from the eastern conquests of Alexander the Great. This new empire controlled much of the inland territory of the Persian kings. The Empire was never able to exploit the potential manpower resources of their vast territory. Key strength in the Army during the Third Syrian War was the arrangement of soldiers who got land from the king and owed military service in return. | 82 | |
| 260423563 | Parthian | a native or inhabitant of Parthia | 83 | |
| 260423564 | Sasanid | group from Persia who defeated the Parthians and ruled until 651 CE Shapur I-alive from 239-272 CE, emperor that stabilized the western frontier of the empire | 84 | |
| 260423565 | Satrapy | the twenty provinces that Darius divided the empire into; each province was ruled by a governor | 85 | |
| 260423566 | Zoroastrianism | system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster | 86 | |
| 260423567 | Ahura Mazda | Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu. | 87 | |
| 260423568 | Angra Mainyu | evil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world | 88 | |
| 260423569 | Avesta | The sacred text of Zoroastrianism, which includes the very old hymns known as the Gathas, along with more recent material. | 89 | |
| 260423570 | Gathas | Hymns or poems written by Zarathustra; considered to be the most authoritative expressions of the Zoroastrian religion. | 90 | |
| 260423571 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples. | 91 | |
| 260423572 | Cambyses | a persian king,named after his father cyrus,expanded the persian empire by conquering egypt. | 92 | |
| 260423573 | Darius | the great king of persia. he was able to become king after a year of a civil war following the death of someone. | 93 | |
| 260423574 | Xerxes | son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. | 94 | |
| 260423575 | Alexander of Macedon | The son of King Philip who inherited all of his father's army. A very powerful and successful leader. He and his army conquered all of Persia and into India. He neglected to appoint a successor so all his conquered land was split up and distributed. | 95 | |
| 260423576 | Mithradates I | The Parthians' greatest conqueror who came to the throne about 171 BCE and transformed his state into an empire. He defeated the Seleucid ruler, Demetrius Nicator. He extend Parthian rule to Mesopotamia by 155 BCE. Upon his death, a large empire was bequeathed to his son. | 96 | |
| 260423577 | Shapur I | Lived from 239 C.E. to 272 C.E. He stabilized the western frontier and created a series of buffer states. | 97 | |
| 260423578 | Magi | (New Testament) the sages who visited Jesus and Mary and Joseph shortly after Jesus was born | 98 | |
| 260423579 | Zarathustra | the mythical founder of chief prophet of the Ancient Persian religion known as Zoroastrianism, which influenced Jewish and later Christian belief | 99 | |
| 260423580 | Mesoamerica | "Middle America" the region extending from modern-day Mexico through Central America | 100 | |
| 260423581 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction | 101 | |
| 260423582 | Mayan math | contributed to mathematics by inventing the number zero, and used a symbol to represent zero mathematically, which allowed for manipulation of large numbers | 102 | |
| 260423583 | Mayan calendar | solar calendar of 365.242 days (17 seconds off of today), ritual calendar of 260 days | 103 | |
| 260423584 | Chavin cult | a new religion that appeared in the Andes mountains after 1000 BCE; enjoyed enormous popularity during the 900 to 800 BCE; spread in the area of modern Peru; vanished about 300 BCE; no information survives on the significance of the cults | 104 | |
| 260423585 | Aboriginal | being or composed of people inhabiting a region from the beginning | 105 | |
| 260423586 | Pyramid of the Sun | Pyramid found in ancient Teotihuacan, it was 200-feet tall and had a base larger than that of the Great Pyramid in Egypt | 106 | |
| 260423587 | Temple of the Giant Jaguar | a stepped pyramid that was 47 meters high (154 feet) and was located in Tikal | 107 | |
| 260423588 | Lapita | part of an Austronesian speaking population that emerged from Taiwan | 108 | |
| 260423589 | Olmecs | (1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups | 109 | |
| 260423590 | Maya | a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy | 110 | |
| 260423591 | Austronesian | the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia | 111 | |
| 260423592 | Mochica | Mochica is a society in the Andean valleys, near the Moche River, that left behind a remarkable artistic legacy. They made ceramics that represented gods and everyday life | 112 | |
| 260423593 | Tikal | the most important Maya political center between the 4th-9th centuries. It was a city that had temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings | 113 | |
| 260423594 | Chichen Itza | A large small city Mayan kingdom. They accoustomed captives into their own society. Organzied an empire that brought political stability to northen Yucatan, who it lost its empire to | 114 | |
| 260423595 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600 | 115 | |
| 260423596 | Popol Vuh | the most famous of the Maya books that recounts the Highland Maya's version of the story of creation | 116 | |
| 260423597 | Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 117 | |
| 260423598 | Tian | heaven | 118 | |
| 260423599 | Book of Songs | Ancient Chinese classic, also known as the Book of Poetry, and the Book of Odes. Collection of verses on light and serious themes. 311 poems complied and edited after 600 BCE. Some poems reflect conditions of the early Zhou dynasty, some have political implications because they recorded the illustrious deeds of heroic figures and ancient sage-kings, and others were hymns sung at ritual observances. Also about life, love, family, nature, daily life. | 119 | |
| 260423600 | Book of History | A book detailing the history of the Zhou dynasty. | 120 | |
| 260423601 | Book of Changes | Example of Zhou literature, this book serves as a manual of diviners. | 121 | |
| 260423602 | Book of Rites | Zhou book explaining the rules of etiquette and rituals required of aristocrats in China under the Zhou dynasty. | 122 | |
| 260423603 | Yangshao society | flourished from 5000-3000 BCE, located in middle region of the Yellow River valley | 123 | |
| 260423604 | Xia dynasty | This was the earliest known dynasty. There is no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found. The people of this time were farmers and made pottery. | 124 | |
| 260423605 | Shang dynasty | Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. | 125 | |
| 260423606 | Zhou dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism | 126 | |
| 260423607 | Qin dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 127 | |
| 260423608 | Oracle bones | cattle bones or tortoise shells on which Chinese priests would write questions and then interpret answers from the cracks that formed when the bones were heated | 128 | |
| 260423609 | King Yu | most dashing of the Sage kings, a vigorous and tireless worker who rescued China from the raging waters of the flooding Yellow River. He dredged the river which minimized the likelihood of overflows. He worked on the river for 13 years without ever returning home. He made it possible to cultivate rice and millet. He later became king and laid the foundations of Chinese society. He was the founder of the Xia dynasty. | 129 | |
| 260423610 | Kung Fuzi | ancient Chinese philosopher, born in 6th century BCE, author of Analects; "Do unto others as their status and yours dictates" | 130 | |
| 260423611 | King Yao | a sage king who influenced the larger society through his virtue | 131 | |
| 260423612 | King Shun | the legendary early Chinese sage-king who ordered the four seasons and who established uniform weights, measures, and units of time was | 132 | |
| 260423613 | Fu Hao | a Chinese king's wife who led troops to war. Her tomb contained records of her time and life | 133 | |
| 260423614 | Veneration of Ancestors | Family ancestors could bring good or evil fortune to the living members of the family. | 134 | |
| 260423615 | Samsara | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth | 135 | |
| 260423616 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 136 | |
| 260423617 | Moksha | The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. | 137 | |
| 260423618 | Sati | a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced. | 138 |
