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| 1674361281 | three sisters | maize (corn), squash, beans | 0 | |
| 1674361282 | Ancient America | 11,500 years ago, Paleo-Indians: hunter-gatherers--> turned agricultural; traded with others but stayed independent; create other cultures; collapsed when reached limit of food supply | 1 | |
| 1674361283 | Mesoamericans | 4,000 years ago Olmecs: Yucatan Peninsula Teotihuacan and Mayas | 2 | |
| 1674361284 | Teotihuacan | (MA) 300 BCE: one of largest urban areas in world; prized obsidian (for knives and mirrors), impressive pyramids and temple of Quetzalcoatl that attracted pilgrims | 3 | |
| 1674361285 | Mayas | (MA): tall pyramids and temples; studied astronomy; created writing system; cities fought, lack of food: collapsed in 900 CE | 4 | |
| 1674361286 | Pueblos (Hohokam and Mogollan) | combined hunter-gathering and agriculture; arid region, unpredictable rainfall kept them migrating; 900-1150 CE: built Great Houses; traded turquoise | 5 | |
| 1674361287 | Missisipians | peak: 11-12 centuries CE; sun-worshippers (Cahokia: City of Sun) accurate calendar using woodhenge; Monks Mound= main pyramid; organized hierarchically; maize, squash, nuts, pumpkins, and venison for food | 6 | |
| 1674361288 | Aztecs | twelfth century: settled on island city when saw symbol of Quetzalcoatl; Huitzilopochtli= primary god; Montezuma: chief; believed trade and land ownership was more valuable than gold of silver; strictly stratified society that was hereditary, consisting of warriors, merchants, priests, commoners, and slaves; conquered neighbors to sacrifice textiles, foodstuffs, and humans; believed in "Fifth Sun"; flowery wars= sacrificed humans | 7 | |
| 1674361289 | North America in 1492 | Algonian/Iroquoian were language groups; adopted nomadic, hunter-gatherer, or agricultural lifestyles depending on climates; feathered tobacco pipe was symbol of friendship | 8 | |
| 1674361290 | Gender Division in North America | Women carried belongings and handled food and clothing; men hunted deer and buffalo; older youths learned skills from their same-sex parent; families could be matrilineal or patrilineal | 9 | |
| 1674361291 | Iroquois vs Pueblos politics | Iroquois had political hierarchy while nomadic Pueblos had no ties between villages | 10 | |
| 1674361292 | American religion | polytheistic; depending on focus on subsistence, favored one or the other god | 11 | |
| 1674361293 | Berbers | Muslims in north along Mediterranean Sea | 12 | |
| 1674361294 | Upper Guinea | Islamic; traded with Europe and West Asia: gave ivory, golf, and slaves for salt, dates, silk, and cotton cloth; Rice Coast= fished and cultivated rice in coastal swamplands; Grain Coast= thinly populated, farmed and raised livestock | 13 | |
| 1674361295 | Lower Guinea | practiced traditional religion; villages composed of kin groups were linked into hierarchical kingdoms | 14 | |
| 1674361296 | Complementary gender roles | women ruled women and men ruled men (in cults); could not reveal secrets to other sex | 15 | |
| 1674361297 | women in Guinea | childcare, food preparation, manufacture, and trade | 16 | |
| 1674361298 | men in Guinea | hunted, managed livestock, fished | 17 | |
| 1674361299 | slavery in Guinea | slaves could be prisoners of war, criminals, or turn themselves in to pay for debt; slaves could hold positions, make a profit, or trade, but their masters could still trade them away | 18 | |
| 1674361300 | European Gender, Work, and Politics | men dominated, did most of the fieldwork; women cared for children, household tasks, preserved food, milked cows, cared for poultry; children were tightly disciplined; Christianity was enforced, though it was getting pushed out of Jerusalem | 19 | |
| 1674361301 | reasons for European exploration | plague and warfare, new trade routes, new technology, mercantilism?gold, spread Christianity | 20 | |
| 1674361302 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Son of King John I of Portugal; supported Portugal's exploration and trade with Africa and Asia; invented/encouraged used of caravel and astrolabe; deathly afraid of water | 21 | |
| 1674361303 | Christopher Columbus | Born in Genoa, Italy in 1451; experienced sailor and cartographer; searched for faster trade routes to India and China, other than one found in Marco Polo's journals; originally ashed Portuguese for sponsorship in 1484 | 22 | |
| 1674361304 | Columbus's Journey | set sail on 8/3/1492; ships were Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria; Columbus landed on Hispaniola and Cuba on 10/12/1492; would make 4 journeys to new world from 1492-1502, always thought he'd made it to Asia *never set foot on North America | 23 | |
| 1674361305 | Columbus's reasons to explore | came in search of Gold and riches to ship back to Spain; spread Christianity (God) primarily Roman Catholicism with blessing of Pope Alexander VI; sought Glory by bringing samples back | 24 | |
| 1674361306 | Conquistadors | Spanish explorers | 25 | |
| 1674361307 | SE: De Soto | sails up the Mississippi River and explores Gulf of Mexico | 26 | |
| 1674361308 | SE: De Leon | explores Florida and searches for the Fountain of Youth | 27 | |
| 1674361309 | SE: Cortes | conquers he Aztecs in Mexico | 28 | |
| 1674361310 | SE: Cabrillo | explores Colorado; tried to find gold; found Grand Canyon | 29 | |
| 1674361311 | SE: Balboa | discovers Pacific Ocean | 30 | |
| 1674361312 | SE: Pizarro | conquers the Incas in Peru | 31 | |
| 1674361313 | who got rid of the Conquistadors? | King of Spain: Charles II (angry that Cortez and Pizzaro--two nobodies--more rich than him) | 32 | |
| 1674361314 | SE: Ferdinand Magellan | died halfway around the world--men finished journey all round world | 33 | |
| 1674361315 | SE: Amerigo Vespucci | found out that Columbus actually found Americas | 34 | |
| 1674361316 | Portuguese Explorers (PE): Diaz | east coast of Africa and sails the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) | 35 | |
| 1674361317 | PE: de Gama | circumnavigates coast of Africa and explores India | 36 | |
| 1674361318 | PE: Cabral | explores Brazil | 37 | |
| 1674361319 | Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 | Spain: controls North and South America except for Brazil; Portugal: controls all of Africa and islands in the Caribbean and Brazil | 38 | |
| 1674361320 | Collapse of Spain | got rich, overpriced own goods, imported goods got cheaper, collapsed | 39 | |
| 1674361321 | Columbian exchange | maize, beans, squash, cassava, and potatoes--> Europe livestock--> Americas | 40 | |
| 1674361322 | smallpox and other diseases | smallpox, typhus, influenza, and malaria afflicted native peoples; natives peoples gave Europeans syphilis | 41 | |
| 1674361323 | Sugar, horses, and tobacco | Europe wanted sugar and tobacco; natives wanted horses | 42 | |
| 1674361324 | trade among Europeans and Indians | Europe needed furl Indians needed European goods (pots and knives); beavers wiped out, soil erosion | 43 | |
| 1674361325 | Roanoke | English attempts to permanently settle 3 times-failed all 3 times because of hostile neighbors and lack of foodstuffs | 44 | |
| 1674361326 | Contest between Spain and England | Queen Elizabeth I authorized Walter Raleigh to colonize North America so that they could trade with Indians and attack New Spain | 45 |
