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| 7192646746 | Babylonian Empire | Def - Unified all of Mesopotamia 1800 B.C.E.; collapse due to foreign invasion 1600 B.C.E. Significance - When the Sumerians fell to a people known as the Akkadians, there was another period of decline in which the Babylonians took over the empire. Analyze - The Babylonians had an emperor named Hammurabi who introduced the famous early code of law |  | 0 |
| 7192475819 | Paleolithic Age | Def - The Old Stone Age ending in 1200 B.C.E; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence Significance - The nature of the species gradually changed during the Paleolithic Age Analyze - Humans had a more erect structure than before and had growing brain capacities. |  | 1 |
| 7192492677 | Homo Sapiens | Def - The hominid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period Significance - The success of this subspecies means that no major changes in the basic human physique or brain size have occurred since it's advent Analyze - The human physique and brain size has not changed since it arrived during the Paleolithic era. |  | 2 |
| 7192496598 | Neolithic Age | Def - The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished Significance - The invention of agriculture, the creation of cities ended the Stone Age altogether throughout much of the world. Analyze - The new inventions that the Neolithic people introduced ended the Stone Age throughout much of the world |  | 3 |
| 7192509789 | Neolithic Revolution | Def - The succession of technological innovations and changes that led to the development of agriculture. Significance - the Neolithic revolution brought the idea of agriculture. Analyze - Agriculture has evolved for a long period of time. |  | 4 |
| 7192515483 | Hunting and Gathering | Def - The original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts and berries. Significance - Humans used hunting and gathering for food as the first form of agriculture. Analyze - The first type of Agriculture called Hunting and Gathering helped humans find food sources |  | 5 |
| 7192523449 | Bronze Age | Def - From about 4000 B.C.E, when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East to about 1500 B.C.E when Iron began to replace it Significance - A more resilient tool material than copper was bronze which was discovered after copper. Analyze - Humans used bronze tools for metalworking before Iron replaced it. |  | 6 |
| 7192532672 | Slash and Burn Agriculture | Def - A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire and are then planted. Significance - The forest being burnt by people and then being planted again depleted the soil. Analyze - People using the Slash and Burn agriculture had depleted the soil very quickly and then moved to a different spot. |  | 7 |
| 7192540748 | Band | Def - A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on gender basis. Significance - The rise of nomadic herding was a vital development in Asia, the Middle East, Sudan and elsewhere. Analyze - People in Asia, the Middle East, and Sudan depended on nomadic herding |  | 8 |
| 7192551721 | Çatal Hüyük | Def - Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had a greater degree of social satisfaction Significance - Çatal Hüyük was founded in 7000 B.C.E and had a larger population then Jericho. Analyze - There was much more area for Agriculture in Çatal Hüyük. |  | 9 |
| 7192568077 | Civilization | Def - Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non forming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups Significance - Some scholars prefer to define civilizations only as societies with economic surpluses. Analyze - The scholars who prefer to define civilizations as societies with economic surpluses is an inclusive definition. |  | 10 |
| 7192581084 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. Significance - This form of writing was introduced to the Middle East around 3500 B.C.E. With this writing, societies could tax efficiently and make contracts and treaties Analyze - The societies which used cuneiform became more literate than other societies. |  | 11 |
| 7192593441 | Nomads | Def - Cattle - and sheep - herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies Significance - The ancient Greeks coined the word barbarian to describe people who were non-Greeks Analyze - The people who lived in ancient Greek referred people who were not greek as nomads. |  | 12 |
| 7192606987 | Mesopotamia | Def - Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys Significance - Mesopotamia forms one of only a few cases of a civilization developed absolutely from scratch Analyze - There were only a few cases of a civilization developed absolutely from scratch and Mesopotamia is one of them |  | 13 |
| 7192618277 | Sumerians | Def - People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states Significance - The Sumerians developed the first known case of human writing Analyze - Scribes wrote on clay tablets, using styluses shaped quite like the modern ball point pen |  | 14 |
| 7192628856 | Ziggurats | Def - Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. Significance - The professional priests opened these temples and conducted the rituals within them. Analyze - The ziggurats were the first monumental architecture in the Sumerian civilization with priests opening them. |  | 15 |
| 7192636080 | City-state | Def - A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king Significance - The government helped regulate religion and enforce its duties; also provided a court system in the interests of justice. Analyze - The city-states worked out successfully for the Sumerians |  | 16 |
| 7192655205 | Hammurabi | Def - (r. 1792 - 1750 B.C.E.) The most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for codification of law. Significance - The Babylonian King, Hammurabi's code established rules of procedure for courts of law and regulated property rights and the duties of family members. Analyze - Hammurabi was the most famous Babylonian King. |  | 17 |
| 7192665818 | Pharaoh | Def - Title of kings of ancient Egypt Significance - The pharaoh possessed immense power in ancient Egypt Analyze - The Egyptian economy was more fully government directed when the pharaoh was in power. |  | 18 |
| 7192670967 | Pyramids | Def - Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. Significance - The pharaohs built tombs for themselves called Pyramids Analyze - The pharaohs had power to build Pyramids for themselves when they died. |  | 19 |
| 7192675912 | Kush | Def - An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. Significance - The Kingdom of Kush interacted with Egypt and conquered it at some point. Analyze - Historians do not know when Kush conquered Egypt. | 20 | |
| 7192682621 | Indus River Valley | Def - River sources in the Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization. Significance - The Indus River Valley people had trading contacts with Mesopotamia, but they developed their own alphabet and artistic forms. Analyze - Since the Indus River Valley people developed their own alphabet and art, they did not trade that much with Mesopotamia. |  | 21 |
| 7192698077 | Harappa | Def - Along with Mohenjo Daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern Significance - By 2500 B.C.E, the Indus River urban civilization supported big cities such as Mohenjo Daro. Analyze - The major city, Harappa, was located in the Indus River valley along with Mohenjo Daro |  | 22 |
| 7192705199 | Mohenjo Daro | Def - Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. Significance - The houses in the city, Mohenjo Daro, had running water in 2500 B.C.E. Analyze - In the year 2500 B.C.E. the Indus river urban civilization emerged supporting cities such as Harappa. |  | 23 |
| 7192712650 | Yellow River | Def - Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China. Significance - The civilization along the Yellow River in China developed in considerable isolation, although some overland trading did develop. Analyze - The overland trading contacts for trading were India and the Middle East. |  | 24 |
| 7192717810 | Shang | Def - First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E. Significance - Extensive excavation of Shang sites at Anyang, Zhengzhou and elsewhere have given us insight into many aspects of Shang culture and society Analyze - The Shang sites were mainly found in China |  | 25 |
| 7192725052 | Oracles | Def - Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing Significance - Oracles were sacred people who could foresee the future. Analyze - The Oracles had the power to se the future |  | 26 |
| 7192737452 | Ideographs | Def - Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing. Significance - The character for emperor combined elements of the ideographs for king, heaven, earth and harmony. Analyze - By the time the Shang period ended, there was an estimated 3,000 characters. |  | 27 |
| 7192747414 | Phoenicians | Def - Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. Significance - The Phoenicians devised a greatly simplified alphabet with 22 letters around 1350 B.C.E. Analyze - This alphabet became the predecessor of the Greek and Latin alphabets. |  | 28 |
| 7192754548 | Monotheism | Def - The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. Significance - The Jews monotheism would serve as a key basis for the development of both Christianity and Islam as major world religions. Analyze - Monotheism has sustained a distinctive Jewish culture to our own day. |  | 29 |
| 7196099786 | What are the three big concepts? | The three big concepts are the development of the human hunting skills, the rise of Agriculture and the appearance of increasing distinctive human societies through agriculture or nomadic pastoralism. | 30 | |
| 7196107272 | What are the Big Changes in the lifestyle of early humans? | The Big Changes in the lifestyle of early humans was agriculture. Before agriculture was used, the early humans used to hunt and gather for food and would even move to another location just to find other animals to hunt. With agriculture however, the early humans became farmers and could now have a surplus of food for everyone to eat. The early humans wouldn't have had to become hunter-gatherers after agriculture was used. | 31 | |
| 7196117267 | How did Agriculture impact the Hunter-Gatherer society? | Before Agriculture was known to early men and women, they used to hunt and gather for food for everyone to eat. However, once the early humans knew about agriculture, the hunting and gathering techniques were not used and now the humans could have their own food without moving to other places to hunt. | 32 | |
| 7196129148 | How did Agriculture impact Children? | When Agriculture was known to humans long ago, the children had more benefits. For example, the little kids could now have food peacefully and would not have to roam around in unusual weather to find food. Now, the early humans could have more kids with the help of Agriculture. | 33 | |
| 7198336021 | Hunting and gathering economies dominated human history until 9000 B.C.E. These economies helped propel migration over most of the lands on earth. | ... | 34 | |
| 7198340886 | The Neolithic revolution centered on the development of agriculture. | ... | 35 | |
| 7198344994 | The emergence of civilization occurred in many though not all agricultural societies. | 36 | ||
| 7198347684 | Early civilizations formed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River basin, and China. | 37 | ||
| 7198379888 | Most river valley civilizations declined after about 1200 B.C.E. | 38 | ||
| 7198385879 | A number of small centers emerged in the Middle East that introduced further innovations, including the religion of Judaism. | 39 |
