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| 4843936708 | Paleolithic Age | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. | 0 | |
| 4843936709 | Homo sapiens (sapiens) | The species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period | 1 | |
| 4843936710 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 2 | |
| 4843936711 | hunting and gathering | The original human economy ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries | 3 | |
| 4843936712 | Neolithic revolution | The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture | 4 | |
| 4843936713 | Bronze Age | From about 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing. | 5 | |
| 4843936714 | Slash and burn agriculture | A system of agriculture that allows farmers to grow grain in places it does not typically grow. It involves cutting the forestation of an area which is burned for the purposes of using the ashes as fertilizer for the deforested area. | 6 | |
| 4843936716 | Catal Hüyük | An early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho; had greater degree of social stratification. | 7 | |
| 4843936720 | nomads | People with no permanent home but who roam from place to place searching for pasture lands. Cattle- and sheep-herding societies usually found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as barbarian by civilized societies | 8 | |
| 4843936721 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys | 9 | |
| 4843936722 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized areas into city-states. | 10 | |
| 4843936731 | Indus River Valley | A prosperous urban civilization emerged along the Indus River by 2500 B.C.E. Indus River peoples had trading contacts with Mesopotamia, but they developed a distinctive alphabet and artistic forms. River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization | 11 | |
| 4843936732 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Major urban complexes of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 12 | |
| 4843936734 | Shang Dynasty | First Chinese dynasty, the Shang ruled over the Huanghe River valley by about 1500 B.C.E. | 13 | |
| 4843936718 | Fertile Crescent | A crescent-shaped area of fertile land in the Middle East that extends from the eastern Mediterranean coast through the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf. The center of the Neolithic development of agriculture (from 7000 bc), and the cradle of the Assyrian, Sumerian, and Babylonian civilizations | 14 | |
| 4843936719 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 15 | |
| 4843936723 | ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamia temple complexes | 16 | |
| 4843936724 | city-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based king | 17 | |
| 4843936725 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. | 18 | |
| 4843936726 | Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.E.) | The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law | 19 | |
| 4843936727 | pharaoh | Title of kings of ancient Egypt | 20 | |
| 4843936728 | pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt, used as burial sites for pharaohs | 21 | |
| 4843936729 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 22 | |
| 4843936730 | Hammurabi's Code | Established rules of procedure for courts of law and regulated property and the duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes | 23 | |
| 4843936733 | Huang He River | Also known as the Yellow River, site of sedentary agriculture in China | 24 | |
| 4843936735 | oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing | 25 | |
| 4843936736 | ideographs | Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing | 26 | |
| 4843936737 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean | 27 | |
| 4843936738 | monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single God; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization | 28 | |
| 4843936739 | polytheism | The worship of many gods or deities | 29 | |
| 4843936715 | Band | A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis | 30 | |
| 4843936717 | civilization | Societies distinguished by Reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 31 | |
| 4845663993 | Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. | 32 |
