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| 10337670966 | Prokaryotes | -No distinct nucleus (single, circular chromosomes) -Lack histones, organelles -Cyanobacteria, bacteria and rickettsiae | 0 | |
| 10337670967 | Eukaryotes | -complex cellular organization -membrane-bound organelles -well-defined nucleus with several chromosomes -higher animals, plants, fungi, protozoa and algae | 1 | |
| 10337670968 | Nucleus | home of DNA including replication, repair and transcription | 2 | |
| 10337670969 | histone proteins | DNA-binding, involved in the coiling of chromosomes | 3 | |
| 10337670970 | cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended; a place for proteins to be made and stored | 4 | |
| 10337670971 | cytoplasmic matrix | Surrounding the nucleus, made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments creating a skeleton | 5 | |
| 10337670972 | cytosol | The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes. | 6 | |
| 10337670973 | Ribosomes | work with messenger and transfer RNA to appropriately synthesize proteins, genes, DNA | 7 | |
| 10337670974 | Endoplasmicreticulum | site of protein synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most organelles | 8 | |
| 10337670975 | Golgi Complex | process and package proteins (from endoplasmic reticulum) into secretory vesicles that break away and migrate to various intra and extra cellular destinations (including plasma membrane) | 9 | |
| 10337670976 | cisternae | the name of the chambers inside the endoplasmic reticulum that stores lymph and other fluids | 10 | |
| 10337670977 | lysosomes | originate from the golgi; catalyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates (autodigestion) | 11 | |
| 10337670978 | peroxisomes | contain oxidative exnymes that break substance down into harmless products | 12 | |
| 10337670979 | mitochondria | surround by a double lipid-bilayer membrane that participates in oxidative phosphorylation | 13 | |
| 10337670980 | oxidative phosphorylation | When energy is released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP | 14 | |
| 10337670981 | cytoskeleteon | "bones and muscles" of the cell that maintains the cell's shape and internal organization. This permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections (cilia and flagella) | 15 | |
| 10337670982 | caveolae | capture and transport material into cell | 16 | |
| 10337670983 | vaults | cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, shaped like octagonal barrels; cellular trucks - move molecules from nucleus to elsewhere in the cell | 17 | |
| 10337670984 | Plasma Membrane | A flexible selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells; controls the composition of a space or compartment they enclose | 18 | |
| 10337671044 | protein transport channel |  | 19 | |
| 10337671045 | cell surface receptor |  | 20 | |
| 10337671046 | cell surface markers |  | 21 | |
| 10337671047 | cell adhesion protein |  | 22 | |
| 10337671048 | attachment of cytoskeleton |  | 23 | |
| 10337670985 | cellular receptors | protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus that can bin with specific smaller molecules | 24 | |
| 10337670986 | How are cells held togehter? | 1) plasma membrane 2) extracellular matrix 3) specialized cell junctions | 25 | |
| 10337670987 | Extracellular matric | fibrous proteins in gel substance produced by fibroblast and diffuse water and nutrients made of collagen, elastin, and fibronectin | 26 | |
| 10337670988 | Desmosomes | Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments |  | 27 |
| 10337670989 | Tight junctions | Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid (found in blood-brain barrier) |  | 28 |
| 10337670990 | Gap Junctions | allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside of another = coordinate activities of adjacent cells (ie heart muscle cells); contact signalling |  | 29 |
| 10337670991 | Gating | process by which permeability of a cell is controlled - increased Ca+ causes decreased permeability at junctional complex = allows uninjured cells to protect themselves from inured neighbors (injured cells release Ca+) | 30 | |
| 10337670992 | Paracine | cell-to-cell communication |  | 31 |
| 10337670993 | Autocrine | Cell-to-itself communication |  | 32 |
| 10337670994 | Hormonal | through blood stream communication |  | 33 |
| 10337670995 | Neurohormonal | from brain through bloodstream and neurons |  | 34 |
| 10337670996 | contact signaling by plasma membrane-bound receptors | plasma membrane-bound receptors |  | 35 |
| 10337670997 | remote signaling by secreted molecule | secreted molecule | | 36 |
| 10337670998 | contact signaling via gap junctions | gap junction | | 37 |
| 10337670999 | extracellular messengers (ligands) | convey instructions to the cell's interior via plasma protein receptor on target cell | 38 | |
| 10337671000 | Metabolism | chemical tasks of maintian essential cellular functions | 39 | |
| 10337671001 | Anabolism | Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy. | 40 | |
| 10337671002 | Catabolism | Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy. | 41 | |
| 10337671003 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | created from the chemical energy contained within organic molecules; used in synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction and active transport; stores and transfers energy |  | 42 |
| 10337671004 | digestion | extracellular breakdown of proteins, fats, polysaccarides to subunits | 43 | |
| 10337671005 | glycolysis | intracellular breakdown of subunits to pyruvate, then to acetyl CoA (anaerobic & limited ATP production) | 44 | |
| 10337671006 | Krebs cycle | Also know as citric acid cycle; production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation |  | 45 |
| 10337671007 | Oxidative Phosphorylation | occurs in the mitochondria; mechanism producing energy from fats, CHO, proteins; involves the removal of electrons from various intermediates via a co-enzyme such as nictinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to transfer electrons | 46 | |
| 10337671008 | Anaerobic glycolysis | if oxygen is not available, CHO is converted to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) in cytoplasm with production of two ATP molecules which is insufficient for energy needs; pyruvate is then converted to lactic acid (when oxygen is available lactic acid is converted back to either pyruvic acid or glucose which enters citric acid cycle) | 47 | |
| 10337671009 | Electrolytes | A substance that is dissolved in solution and some of its molecules split or dissociate into electrically charged atoms or ions; make up 95% of solutes | 48 | |
| 10337671010 | cations | positively charged and migrate toward the negative pole | 49 | |
| 10337671011 | Anions | negatively charged and migrate toward the positive pole | 50 | |
| 10337671012 | Measurement of Electrolytes | milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) | 51 | |
| 10337671013 | monovalent | one charge | 52 | |
| 10337671014 | divalent | 2 charges | 53 | |
| 10337671015 | Passive transport | Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient | 54 | |
| 10337671016 | Osmolarity | A measure of the total solute concentration per liter of solution | 55 | |
| 10337671017 | Osmolatity | A measure of the amount of solids dissolved in a solution | 56 | |
| 10337671018 | Isotonic | Having the same solute concentration as another solution. | 57 | |
| 10337671019 | Hypertonic | Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. | 58 | |
| 10337671020 | Hypotonic | Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution | 59 | |
| 10337671021 | Active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | 60 | |
| 10337671022 | Endocytosis | A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. | 61 | |
| 10337671023 | Pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. (drinking) |  | 62 |
| 10337671024 | Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells (eating) |  | 63 |
| 10337671025 | Receptor mediated Transport | binding to receptors triggers vesicle formation |  | 64 |
| 10337671026 | Caveolae | Fine endocytotic vesicles through which calcium is shuttled into muscle. It is then sequestered by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which lines the cells. |  | 65 |
| 10337671027 | Exocytosis | Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |  | 66 |
| 10337671028 | Action potential | Depolarization - threshold potential - repolarization - refractory period |  | 67 |
| 10337671029 | Hyperpolarized | An electrical state where the inside of the excitable cell is made more negative compared with the outside of the cell and the electric potential of the membrane increases (gets more negative) | 68 | |
| 10337671030 | Hypopolarized | When membrane potential is more positive than normal (in a more excitable state) | 69 | |
| 10337671031 | Absolute refractory period | The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin. | 70 | |
| 10337671032 | Relative Refractory period | a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarize state and will only fire again if the incoming message open parentheses impulse) is stronger than usual; returning to arresting state | 71 | |
| 10337671033 | Mitosis | the dividing of all of the cell's contents (making a duplicate) | 72 | |
| 10337671034 | Cytokinesis | dividing the cytoplasm (almost equally into the two new cells) | 73 | |
| 10337671035 | Prophase | Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms |  | 74 |
| 10337671036 | Metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |  | 75 |
| 10337671037 | Anaphase | Centromeres divide |  | 76 |
| 10337671038 | Telophase | After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off |  | 77 |
| 10337671039 | Cellular division rates | depend on protein growth factors and genes (different cells grow at different rates) | 78 | |
| 10337671040 | Nerve Tissue | a body tissue that carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body | 79 | |
| 10337671041 | Epithelial Tissue | A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out | 80 | |
| 10337671042 | Connective Tissue | A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts | 81 | |
| 10337671043 | Muscle Tissue | A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. | 82 | |
| 10337671049 | Simple Squamous |  | 83 | |
| 10337671050 | Stratified Squamous |  | 84 | |
| 10337671051 | Transitional |  | 85 | |
| 10337671052 | Cuboidal |  | 86 | |
| 10337671053 | Simple columnar |  | 87 | |
| 10337671054 | stratified columnar |  | 88 | |
| 10337671055 | Pseudostratified ciliated |  | 89 | |
| 10337671056 | Dense regular |  | 90 | |
| 10337671057 | Dense irregular |  | 91 | |
| 10337671058 | Fibers |  | 92 | |
| 10337671059 | Loose connective tissue |  | 93 | |
| 10337671060 | dense connective tissue |  | 94 | |
| 10337671061 | elastic connective |  | 95 | |
| 10337671062 | reticular connective |  | 96 | |
| 10337671063 | cartilage |  | 97 | |
| 10337671064 | adipose |  | 98 | |
| 10337671065 | smooth |  | 99 | |
| 10337671066 | striated |  | 100 | |
| 10337671067 | cardiac |  | 101 |
