Page 26 Terms and People
Terms : Hide Images
| 79408917 | Canadian Shield | First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level. It is a zone undergirded by ancient rock. | |
| 79408918 | Incas | Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spainsh forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. | |
| 79408919 | Aztecs | Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521 when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes. | |
| 79408920 | nation-states | Complex, large-scale centralized civilizations in which the citizens share the same language, culture, and nationality. | |
| 79408921 | Cahokia | Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans. | |
| 79408922 | three-sister farming | agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.: maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields. | |
| 79408923 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the origianl producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | |
| 79408924 | caravel | Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Because they could sail more closely into the wind, they allowed Europeans to explore the Western shores of Africa. | |
| 79408925 | plantation | Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. | |
| 79408926 | Columbian Exchange | The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. | |
| 79408927 | Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494 -Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia. | |
| 79408928 | conquistadores | 16th-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires. | |
| 79408929 | capitalism | Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. | |
| 79408930 | encomienda | Spanish government's policy to "commend," or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland. | |
| 79408931 | noche triste | June 30, 1520 - "Sad night", when the Zatecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlan, killing hundreds. | |
| 79408932 | mestizos | People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. | |
| 79408933 | Battle of Acoma | Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. The Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609. | |
| 79408934 | Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico. | |
| 79408935 | Black Legend | False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. | |
| 79408936 | Ferdinand of Aragon | His marriage to Isabella of Castile resulted in the uniting of the kingdom of Spain. | |
| 79408937 | Isabella of Castile | Her marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon resulted in the uniting of the kingdom of Spain. | |
| 79408938 | Christopher Columbus | Discovered the "New World" for the Europeans on Oct. 12, 1492 when he sighted and island in the Bahamas. | |
| 79408939 | Francisco Coronado | In search of fabled golden cities from 1540-1542, he explored our present-day Southwest and discovered the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River and enormous buffalo herds. | |
| 79408940 | Francisco Pizarro | A Spaniard who crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532 and added a huge hoard of booty to Spanish coffers. | |
| 79408941 | Bartolome de Las Casas | A Spanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola. | |
| 79408942 | Hernan Cortes | In 1521, the Spaniard who conquered the Aztec empire city of Tenochtitlan. | |
| 79408943 | Malinche (Dona Marina) | The female Indian slave who was Cortes's translator. She knew both Mayan and Nahuatl, and later she learned Spanish. The Mexican word "malinchista", or "traitor" was derived from her name. She was later baptized with the Spanish name. | |
| 79408944 | Moctezuma | The Aztec chieftain who sent ambassador bearing fabulous gifts to welcome the Spaniards. He believed Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl, who return from the eastern sea was predicted in Aztec legends. | |
| 79408945 | Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | The Englishman who explored the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498. | |
| 79408946 | Robert de La Salle | The Frenchman who led an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680s. | |
| 79408947 | Father Junipero Serra | A Spanish missionary who in 1769, founded at San Diego, the first Californian mission of a chain of 21 missions that wound up the coast as far as Sonoma, north of San Francisco Bay. |
