American Pageant 13th edition
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| 766457384 | Theory of Pangaea | The theory that suggests that the continents were once together in one huge continent and then spread out as drifting islands. | |
| 766457385 | Appalachian and Rocky Mountains | Created by geologic forces of continental plates. | |
| 766457386 | Land Bridge Theory | About 35k years ago. A theory that suggests that after the Great Ice Age, land bridges emerged, linking Asia & North America across (today) the Bering Sea. | |
| 766457387 | Incas | In Peru. Had elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire. | |
| 766457388 | Mayas | In Yucatan Peninsula. Had step pyramids. | |
| 766457389 | Aztecs | In Mexico. Had step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered peoples. | |
| 766457390 | maize (corn) | This food developed around 5,000 BC. Revolutionary because people didn't have to be hunter-gatherers. They could settle down and be farmers. Led to rise of towns and cities. Arrived in present day U.S. around 1,200 B.C. | |
| 766457391 | Pueblo Indians | First American corn growers. Lived in adobe houses and pueblos. Had an elaborate irrigation system to draw water away from rivers to drown corn. | |
| 766457392 | Pueblos | Villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top of the other and often beneath cliffs. | |
| 766457393 | Mound Builders | In Ohio Valley. They built huge ceremonial and burial mounds. Cahokia settlement in Mississippi had 40k people. | |
| 766457394 | Eastern Indians | Made of up Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Iroquois. Grew corn, beans, and squash in three sister farming. They most likely had the best diet of all North American Indians. | |
| 766457395 | three sister farming | In this system, corn grew in a stalk. This provided a trellis for beans. Beans grew up the stalk. Squash had broad leaves that kept the sun off the ground. This kept the moister in the soil. | |
| 766457396 | Hiawatha | The legendary leader of the Iroquois Confederation. | |
| 766457397 | Iroquois Confederation | In NY. A group of 5 tribes. Matrilineal. Each tribe kept their independence, but met to discuss matters of common interest. Not normal because Indians usually separated and scattered. | |
| 766457398 | Native American Views | - the tribe owned land, not one man - nature was mixed with many spirits - nature was sacred - little or no concept or interest in money | |
| 766457399 | European Views | - like private property - Christian and monotheistic - nature & land was given to man by God - loved money/gold | |
| 766457400 | Norse | First Europeans to come to America. Around 1000 AD. But left no written record and didn't get credit. Only sagas and songs held some record. | |
| 766457401 | Erik the Red & Leif Erikson | Around 1000 AD. Landed in Newfoundland (or Vinland). | |
| 766457402 | Marco Polo | He traveled to China. Stirred up European interest for spices. Trade flourished but had to be overland. This initiated new exploration in hopes for an all water route. | |
| 766457403 | Cape of Good Hope | The southern tip of Africa. Sailors had trouble coming home because of the northerly winds and south-flowing currents. | |
| 766457404 | caravel | A ship with a triangular sail that could maneuver ahead into the wind and return to Europe from the African coast. | |
| 766457405 | astrolabe | A sextant gizmo that could tell a ship's latitude. | |
| 766457406 | Sahara Desert | The first slave trade was across here. Later, trade was along the West African coast. | |
| 766457407 | slave trade in Africa | Slave traders "busted up" tribes and families to squelch any possible uprising. Slaves would go to sugar plantations on tropical islands off of the African coast. | |
| 766457408 | Christopher Columbus | He convinced Isabella & Ferdinand to fund his expedition. His goal was to read the East Indies by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route. He misjudged the size of the Earth and actually landed in the Bahamas. He mistook the people as "Indians." | |
| 766457409 | New World to Old World | Brought corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, gold, silver, vanilla, chocolate, syphilis | |
| 766457410 | Old World to New World | Brought wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever | |
| 766457411 | Treaty Line of Tordesillas | In 1494. Portugal & Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope, who was respected, drew the line. It ran North-South, chopped off Brazilian coast of South America. Portugal got Brazil and land around/under Africa. Spain got everything west of that line. | |
| 766457412 | Vasco Balboa | He "discovered" the Pacific Ocean across isthmus of Panama. | |
| 766457413 | Ferdinand magellan | He circumnavigated the globe and was the first to do so. | |
| 766457414 | Ponce de Leon | While looking for the Fountain of Youth, he touched and named Florida. | |
| 766457415 | Hernando de Soto | He entered Florida, traveled up into present day SE U.S. and is "buried" in Mississippi River. | |
| 766457416 | Francisco Pizarro | He conquered Incan Empire and shipped tons of gold/silver back to Spain. Created inflation in Europe. | |
| 766457417 | Francisco Coronado | He ventured into current SW U.S. looking for El Dorado. He actually found Pueblo Indians. | |
| 766457418 | Encomienda system | A system where Indians were given to Spanish landlords. It was the idea that Indians would work and be converted to Christianity. Reality: Slavery on a sugar plantation disguised as missionary work. | |
| 766457419 | Hernando Cortez | He conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan. He traveled from Cuba to (present day) Vera Cruz. Then marched over the mountains. | |
| 766457420 | Montezuma | The Aztec king. He thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl and welcomed into Tenochtitlan. | |
| 766457421 | Noche Triste | The night when the Spanish attacked Montezuma for gold. Eventually, it was smallpox that beat the Aztecs. | |
| 766457422 | Mexico City | After the Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlan, they built the Spanish capital on top of the city. Mestizos emerged. | |
| 766457423 | Mestizos | A race of people that came from a mix of Spanish and Indian blood. | |
| 766457424 | John Cabot | An Italian who sailed for England. He touched the coast of current U.S. | |
| 766457425 | Giovanni de Verrazano | From France. He touched the North American seaboard. | |
| 766457426 | Jacques Cartier | From France. He went into mouth of St. Lawrence River in Canada. | |
| 766457427 | Don Juan de Onate | He followed Coronado's old path into present day new Mexico. Conquered Indians ruthlessly. He would cut off one foot of survivors just so they'd remember. | |
| 766457428 | Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo Indians revolted, despite Spanish mission efforts. | |
| 766457429 | Robert de LaSalle | From France. He sailed down the Mississippi River; claiming the whole region for King Louis and naming it "Louisiana." | |
| 766457430 | Black Legend | The notion that Spaniards only brought bad things. It is partly accurate because of disease, slavery, and murder. But they also brought law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, and civilization. |
