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| 49340527 | Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age | most of the 2 million years during which our species has existed; typified by use of crude stone/stick tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 0 | |
| 49340528 | Homo sapiens sapiens | the newest human breed, originating c. 120,000 years ago, of which all humans in the world today are descendants | 1 | |
| 49340529 | Neolithic (New Stone) Age | period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occured; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 2 | |
| 49340530 | Neolithic Revolution | succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture | 3 | |
| 49340531 | Hunting & Gathering | means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization | 4 | |
| 49340532 | Bronze Age | bronze (and later iron) tools were introduced in the Middle East | 5 | |
| 49340533 | Civilization | societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture; ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 6 | |
| 49340534 | Cuneiform | a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 7 | |
| 49340535 | Nomads | cattle and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies; wander from one place to another looking for food, shelter, protection, etc. | 8 | |
| 49340536 | Mesopotamia | literally "between the rivers"; civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain in the Tigris-Euphrates River Valleys; familiar with bronze and copper, wheel for transportation, pottery, art, and farming; home of the world's first civilization | 9 | |
| 49340537 | Sumerians | people who migrated to Mesopotamia; developed a cuneiform alphabet, art, science (astronomy); organized area into city-states | 10 | |
| 49340538 | Ziggurat | massive tower usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes | 11 | |
| 49340539 | Babylonians | extended their empire and helped bring civilization to other parts of the Middle East; famous for Hammurabi's Law Code | 12 | |
| 49340540 | Hammurabi | the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law | 13 | |
| 49343494 | Pharaoh | a powerful king of Ancient Egypt who had direct knowledge of and contact with Egyptian gods | 14 | |
| 49343495 | Pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs | 15 | |
| 49343496 | Kush | an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c.1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 16 | |
| 49343497 | Indus River | river that sources in the Himalayas and flows to its mouth in the Arabian Sea; location of the early civilizations Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | 17 | |
| 49343498 | Harappa & Mohenjo Daro | large cities along the Indus River by 2500 BCE; running water, distinctive alphabet, and artistic forms | 18 | |
| 49343499 | Huanghe River | "Yellow River"; located in China; civilizations that developed along the river were in considerable isolation; subject of many Chinese legends | 19 | |
| 49343500 | Ideographic Symbols | pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing; allowed for easier and more complex communication | 20 | |
| 49343501 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on the shores of the Mediterranean; established colonies and devised simplified alphabet (22 letters); improved numbering system | 21 | |
| 49343502 | Mandate of Heaven | the divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang | 22 | |
| 49343503 | Monotheism | the exclusive worship of a single God; introduced by Jews ("Jehovah") into Western civilization | 23 | |
| 49912307 | Culture | a system of belief that helped explain the environment and set up rules for various kinds of social behavior | 24 | |
| 49912521 | Mesolithic (Middle Stone) Age | improvement in tool and weapon making; domestication of animals (cows, pigs, sheep, goats); advances in sailing and fishing | 25 | |
| 49915281 | Civilization | economic surplus; divisions of labor; social hierarchy; inequality | 26 | |
| 49915282 | Slash & Burn Agriculture | practice of burning trees in one area, farming intensely for a few years, and moving on when the soil depleted | 27 | |
| 49915283 | Tribal Bands | groups of people with strong kinship ties | 28 | |
| 49915284 | Lydians | introduced first coined money | 29 | |
| 49915285 | Torah | Hebrew Bible; first 5 books of the Christian Old Testament | 30 |
