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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) | ||
| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions. | ||
| and explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events | ||
| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory | ||
| a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables ex: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures | ||
| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | ||
| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | ||
| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them | ||
| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors | ||
| all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study note: except for national studies, this does NOT refer to a country's ENTIRE population | ||
| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | ||
| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | ||
| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other correlation coefficient: the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging -1 to +1 | ||
| (scattergram or scatterdiagram) a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variable. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between two variables. The amounts of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation *little scattering indicated high correlation | ||
| the perception of a relationship where none exists | ||
| a research method in which an investigator manipulates on or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. | ||
| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant/blind about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo. (commonly used in drug evaluation studies) | ||
| experimental results cause by expectations alone; any effect on behavior cause by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an ancient variable | ||
| the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable | ||
| the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment | ||
| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups | ||
| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | ||
| the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | ||
| the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution | ||
| the arithmetic average of distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores | ||
| the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | ||
| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution | ||
| the computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | ||
| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | ||
| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and tradition shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
