The Earth and Its Peoples, Third Edition. Nature, Humanity, and History to 3500 B.C.E.
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| 336155443 | Evolution | The biological theory that, over time, changes occurring in plants and animals, mainly as a result of natural selection and genetic mutation, result in new species. | 0 | |
| 336155444 | Australopithecine | The several extinct species of humanlike primates that existed during the Pleistocene era (genus Australopithecus). | 1 | |
| 336155445 | Hominid | The biological family that includes humans and humanlike primates. | 2 | |
| 336155446 | Bipedalism | The ability to walk upright on two legs, characteristic of hominids. | 3 | |
| 336155447 | Great Ice Age | Geological era that occurred between ca. 2 million and 11,000 years ago. As a result of climate shifts, large numbers of new species evolved during this period, also called the Pleistocene epoch. | 4 | |
| 336155448 | Homo habilis | The first human species (now extinct). It evolved in Africa about 2.5 million years ago. | 5 | |
| 336155449 | Homo erectus | An extinct human species. It evolved in Africa about 2 million years ago. | 6 | |
| 336155450 | Homo sapiens | The current human species. It evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago. It includes archaic forms such as Neanderthals (now extinct) and all modern humans. | 7 | |
| 336155451 | Culture | Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression. Material culture refers to physical objects, such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. Culture also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology. | 8 | |
| 336155452 | History | The study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices. | 9 | |
| 336155453 | Stone Age | The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. | 10 | |
| 336155454 | Paleolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. | 11 | |
| 336155455 | Neolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). It follows the Paleolithic period. | 12 | |
| 336155456 | Forager | People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects. | 13 | |
| 336155457 | Agricultural Revolutions | The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. | 14 | |
| 336155458 | Holocene | The geological era since the end of the Great Ice Age about 11,000 years ago. | 15 | |
| 336155459 | Megalith | Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times. | 16 |
