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| 78529075 | Community psychology | the study of human behavior in its multiple contexts (ecological, historical, cultural, sociopolitical); concerns the relationships of the individual to communities and society; focuses on the transactions between individuals and society (bidirectional relationship, each influences the other); central to the field is the insistence on examining phenomena at multiple levels of analysis | |
| 78529076 | Application of community psychology | to create person-environment transactions that prevent dysfunction and distress, facilitate empowerment and social justice, and promote well being (personal, relational, collective) | |
| 78529077 | Community psychology modus operandi | through collaborative research and action, community psychologists seek to understand and enhance quality of life for individuals, community, and society | |
| 78529078 | Shift in perspective with community psychology | community psychology emphasizes the connection between individuals and environments..not either alone, where as psychology emphasizes the individuals and sociology emphasizes society | |
| 78529079 | Context minimization error | denotes ignoring or discounting the importance of ocntexts in an individual's life; refers to contexts and forces that include those beyond the immediate situation; lead to psychological theories and research findings that are flawed or that hold true only in limited circumstances | |
| 78529080 | Fundamental attribution error | the tendency of observers watching an actor to overestimate the importance of actor's individual characteristics, and underestimate the importance of situational factors | |
| 78529081 | Context | the encapsulating environments within which an individual lives: family, friendship network, peer group, neighborhood, workplace, school, religious or community organization, locality, cultural heritage and norms, gender roles, social and economic forces | |
| 78529082 | Example of fundamental attribution error | when we see someone trip on the sidewalk, we often think, "How awkward," or wonder if the person has been drinking; we seldome look to see if the sidewalk is flawed | |
| 78530764 | First-order change | altering, rearranging, or substituting individuals in an attempt to solve a problem; limited as problem often re-emerges | |
| 78530765 | Second-order change | altering role relationships among individuals in a setting and attending to social systems and structures; can address root causes of a problem | |
| 78530766 | Example of second-order change | instead of rigid lines of expertise between mental health professionals and "patients", it involves finding ways that person with disorders may help each other in self-help groups | |
| 78530767 | Participant conceptualizer | one who is actively involved in community processes while also attempting to understand and explain them | |
| 78530768 | Community psychology and multiple levels of analysis | the individual exists within layers of interdependent social and environmental contexts (human behavior does not exist in a vacuum, we can't isolate behavior from the conditions in which it occurs, in order to understand individual behavior we must understand the contexts in which it exists, Bronfenbrenner's nesting doll metaphor | |
| 78530769 | Bronfenbrenner's nesting doll metaphor diagram | illustrates the ecological levels of analysis for community psychology; shows proximal and distal systems; boundaries between each level are more gradual than the diagram suggests | |
| 78530770 | Proximal systems | systems closest to the individual and involving the most face-to-face contact; are closer to the center of Bronfenbrenner's nesting doll metaphor diagram | |
| 78530771 | Distal systems | systems are less immediate to the person yet have broad effects; are toward the outside of the Bronfenbrenner's nesting doll metaphor diagram | |
| 78530772 | Ecological levels of analysis | the embeddedness of the individual in a complex ecological system with multiple layers; five levels at which individual and community problems can be understood, studied and changed: individual, microsystem, organization, locality/community, macrosystem | |
| 78530773 | Individual LOA | the individual person and their relationships to the environments in their lives; analysis focuses on how these relationships are expressed in individual behaviors, values, life transitions, stress, coping, and the individual outcomes of community problems | |
| 78530774 | Examples on the individual LOA | personal beliefs, childhood history, emotional intelligence, marriage, graduation, loss of a loved one, depression, addiction, teen pregnancy | |
| 78530775 | Microsystem LOA | sets of individuals; small group (small enough for face-to-face interactions) environments in which the individual engages in direct, personal interactions with others over time | |
| 78530776 | Examples on the microsystem LOA | family, friends, classroom, club, staff, team | |
| 78530777 | Setting | a physical place and the enduring set of relationships among individuals that may be associated with the place; the term is applied to microsystems and to organizations | |
| 78531372 | Organizational LOA | sets of microsystems that for a larger whole; individuals may identify with an organization but their involvement and participation is at the level of the microsystem | |
| 78531373 | Examples of organizational LOA | university, church, corporation, hospital, school | |
| 78531374 | Locality/community LOA | sets of organizations in a common geographic area; community action often involves organizations working togehter in coalitions to bring about change in a community | |
| 78531375 | Examples of locality/community LOA | neighborhood, small town, rural area, city | |
| 78531376 | Macrosystem LOA | sets of communities and/or organizations forming broad and diverse bodies of influence; includes the population level of analysis defined by a demographic category, as well as the institutional level of analysis; forms the context within which the other levels function; exercise influence through policies, laws, judicial decisions, customs, ideologies, belief systems, values | |
| 78531377 | Examples on macrosystem LOA | nations, governmental and economic institutions, culture, gender, socioeconomic status groups, religion, "isms" | |
| 78531378 | Sevon core values of community psychology | guide the priorities, emphases, research questions, hypotheses, and interventions in community psychology; include: individual wellness, sense of community, social justice, citizen participation, collaboration and community strengths, respect for human diversity, and empirical grounding | |
| 78531379 | Individual wellness | Emory Cowen; values the attainment of optimum health and wellness, not just the absence of disease and distress (psychological well-being, healthy identity development, positive interpersonal relationships, pursuit of fulfilment and spiritual meaning, reaching highest personal potential) | |
| 78531380 | Focuses of "individual wellness" | development of competencies and coping skills, social support and self-help groups, interventions outside health care settings, prevention of maladaptive behavior | |
| 78531647 | Collective wellness | the health of communities and societies | |
| 78531648 | Sense of community | Seymour Sarason and David Chavis; values the significance of connections with others, sense of belongingness and interdependence as essential to mental health | |
| 78531649 | Focuses of "sense of community" | helping people connect with communities, building and strengthening communities, building connections within and between communities | |
| 78531650 | Social justice | George Albee and William Ryan; values the fair and equitable allocation of resources, opportunities, and power; opposed to "isms" and exclusion based on race, gender, sexual orientation... | |
| 78531651 | Focuses of "social justice" | social, political and economic factors that impact individuals; avoiding exploitation; ethnic psychologies, feminist psychology, liberation psychology | |
| 78531652 | Distributive justice | concerns the allocation of resources (e.g. money, access to good-quality health services or education) among members of a population | |
| 78531653 | Procedural justice | concerns whether processes of collective decision making include fair representation of citizen | |
| 78531654 | Citizen participation/empowerment | Julian Rappaport; values self-determination and the ability of a community to define itself, its problems and issues, and to participate in solutions | |
| 78531655 | Focuses of "citizen participaton/empowerment" | peaceful, respectful, collaborative decision-making processes; empowering individuals and communities; organizing grassroots citizen groups, neighborhood groups, coalitions of groups | |
| 78532072 | Collaboration and community strenghts | values the strenghts and knowledge of community members as collaborators in research and action efforts; emphasizes how the community psychologist does his/her work | |
| 78532073 | Focuses of "collaboration and community strengths" | identifying community resources and assets; recognizing and respecting the wisdom, experience, and expertise that exists in a community; interacting in a non-condescending manner; carefully nurturing the relationship between the psychologist and the community; bringing humility to one's work | |
| 78532074 | Respect for diversity | Roderick Watts and Ed Trickett; values the variations within and between communities, as well as the diverse social identities and beliefs that exist in a societ; values the acceptance of diverse groups as equals where difference does not suggest deviance or pathology | |
| 78532075 | Focuses of "respect for diversity" | diversity as a strength; examining diverse cultures for traditions that promote health; understanding diverse groups and cultures on their own terms; seeking understanding of differences and ways to bridge them | |
| 78532076 | Empirical grounding | values the interdependence and integration of systematic research and planful action | |
| 78532077 | Focuses of "empirical grounding" | role as participant-conceptualizer; multiple research methods (qualitative as well as quantitative); research that meets and informs community needs; interdisciplinary collaboration |
