Terms : Hide Images
| 2026525118 | Paleolithic Age | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; humans learned simple tool use, shaped rocks and sticks for hunting and warfare; greatest achievement: spread of species over much of Earth's surface |  | 0 |
| 2026525119 | Homo erectus | A less apelike species, characterized by having erect stature and growing brain capacity, and increase in average size; 500,000-750,000 years ago; developed and spread in Africa, then to Asia and Europe; |  | 1 |
| 2026525120 | Homo sapiens sapiens | The newest human breed (YOU!) which originated 240,00 years ago; no major changes in human physique or brain size since. |  | 2 |
| 2026525121 | Neolithic Age | The new stone age period; 80000 BCE - 5000 BCE; development of agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals; Two causes: population increase due to climate warming & loss of big game as source of food. |  | 3 |
| 2026525122 | Spread of Agriculture In Neolithic Age | Farming was developed in the Middle East (Turkey, Iraq, Israel) in 10,000 B.C.E. later spreading to India, Europe and North Africa. Rice and millet cultivation developed separately in China in 7500 BCE. Corn-based ag developed independently in the Americas around 5000 BCE. |  | 4 |
| 2026525123 | Bronze Age c. 4000-1500 BCE | At around 4000 BCE bronze (copper mixed with other metals) tools and weapons were first introduced in the Middle East. It made agriculture more efficient and weapons more deadly. |  | 5 |
| 2026525124 | Catal Huyuh | Established in 7000 BCE it was a 5000 person Neolithic community based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Southern Turkey. The best studied neolithic settlement. |  | 6 |
| 2026525125 | Civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, creation of cities and the ability to produce food surpluses to form divisions of labor and a social hierarchy involving social inequalities. |  | 7 |
| 2026525126 | Negative Effects of Civilization | 1) distinctions in wealth and status increase; 2) class and caste divisions, including slavery; 3) greater separation between ruler and ruled; 4) warlike nature; 5) inequality of men and women; 6) Environmental impact (soil erosion, deforestation and flooding) |  | 8 |
| 2026525127 | Importance of Writing in Development of Civilization | 1) Tax more efficiently; 2) Contracts and treaties; and 3) Ability to pass on ideas and wisdom; |  | 9 |
| 2026525128 | Nomadic Pastoralism | Pastoralism emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia during the Neolithic era. Pastoral peoples domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges. Like agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be more socially stratified than hunter-foragers. |  | 10 |
| 2026525129 | Positive effects of Pastoral Nomadism | 1) Well regulated, with complex and imaginative cultures; 2) The pastoralists' mobility allowed them to spread technological innovations to civilizations more quickly; 3) Improved riding/transportation technology and weaponry :( |  | 11 |
| 2026525130 | Mesopotamia (4000-1500 BCE) | The area of present-day Iraq that witnessed the first civilization. Mesopotamia literally means "between the rivers" (Tigris and Eupharates). |  | 12 |
| 2026525131 | Sumerians (4000-2000 BCE) | People who migrated into Mesopotamia 4000 bce; created first civilization within region; organized areas into city states |  | 13 |
| 2026525132 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with mesopotamian temple complexes for religious ritual purposes. |  | 14 |
| 2026525133 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinter lands ruled by an urban based king |  | 15 |
| 2026525134 | Babylonian Empire (1800- 1600 BCE) | Unified all of Mesopotamia 1800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion; |  | 16 |
| 2026525135 | Hammurabi (c. 1792 - 1750 BCE) | The most important ruler of the babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law; established rules of procedures for courts of law, property rights and harsh punishments for crime. |  | 17 |
| 2026525136 | Six Core and Foundational Civilizations | 1) Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (4000 BCE) 2) Egypt in the Nile River Valley (3000 BCE) 3)Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley (2500 BCE) 4) Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley (2000 BCE) 5) Olmecs in Mesoamerica (1500 BCE) and 6) Chavín in Andean South America (1000 BCE) | | 18 |
| 2026525137 | Achievements of Sumer | Invented the wheel (used it), used the arch, made temple towers called ziggurats, developed some algebra, charted constellations of stars, created the base 60 number system, first to use the plow, and created bronze. |  | 19 |
| 2026525138 | Sumerian Religion | A polytheistic religion(Gods in image) but each city had patron god; Prayers and offerings to prevent flooding of Tigris and Euphrates; Divine force in natural objects; Flooding as a form of punishment; afterlife of punishment; Influenced Judaism, Christianity and Islam. |  | 20 |
| 2026525139 | Sumerian Government | In each city-state, the ruler was responsible for maintaining the city walls and irrigation systems. He led his armies in war and enforced the laws. As government grew more complex, he employed scribes to carry out functions such as collecting taxes and keeping records. The ruler was seen as the chief servant of the gods and led ceremonies designed to please them. |  | 21 |
| 2026525140 | Ancient Egyptian Civilization (3000 BCE) | Egyptian civilization emerged in northern Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E. It benefited from trade and influences from Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own distinct social structures and cultural expressions. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egyptian civilization featured very durable and centralized institutions. Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures also characterized Egyptian civilization. |  | 22 |
| 2026525141 | Kingdom of Kush | Located in present day Sudan; became independent by 1000; conquered Egypt in 715 - but their bronze weapons were no match for the Assyrians iron weapons so they lost Egypt to them in 672; learned iron technology - new capital at Meroe (rich in iron); phonetic alphabet; domesticated elephants; Sometimes called 'Black pharaohs" |  | 23 |
| 2026525142 | Mohenjo Daro and Harappa City Plan | Early Indian cities, very advanced, sewers and multi story homes, surrounding citadel (grain holder), surrounded by farmlands based on cotton, wheat rye and peas. Trade was likely with China and Sumeria. |  | 24 |
| 2026525143 | Indus River Valley Civilization c. 2500 BCE | Located in South Asia in present day Pakistan and India. Well organized river valley civilization based on agriculture. Used bronze, but technology was generally inferior to the Sumerians and Egyptians. |  | 25 |
| 2026525144 | Decline of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Archaeologists don't know for sure why this happened. By 1900 BC pottery and uniform bricks' quality declined. Desertification along with invasions are the likeliest cause of the end of this civilization. |  | 26 |
| 2026525145 | Huang He (Yellow River) Civilization c. 2000 BCE | The center of early Chinese civilization. |  | 27 |
| 2026525146 | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE) | The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metallurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior. Religion focused on fertility, sacrifice and oracles, people who could tell the future. |  | 28 |
| 2026525147 | Early Chinese Writing | Developed between 2000-1000 BCE in pictographs, Writing began in China in order to record communications between the human world, and the divine world. A uniform writing system bonded Chinese people who spoke different languages. |  | 29 |
| 2026525148 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; created the first alphabet based on sounds and not real images. |  | 30 |
| 2026525149 | Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god which originated in 1200 BCE. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Torah, the Old Testament of the bible. |  | 31 |
