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| 605948544 | Industrial Revolution | begun about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. | |
| 605948545 | agricultural revolution | The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600) | |
| 605948546 | cotton industry | a system of textile manufacturing; spinners and weavers often worked at home; used raw materials supplied by capitalist entrepreneurs | |
| 605948547 | Richard Arkwright's water frame | powered by horse or water, which turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels. invented in response to the invention of the flying shuttle, which sped up the process of weaving on a loom. | |
| 605948548 | James Hargreave's spinning jenny | 1768-- cotton invention that enabled spinners to produce yarn in larger quantities | |
| 605948549 | Samuel Crompton's mule | a new machine that combined aspects of the water frame and the spinning jenny. New machines such as this one made it more efficient to bring workers to factories instead of haveing them spread out in their cottages, which led to new towns rapidly springing up aroung factories. | |
| 605948550 | hand-loom weavers and the cottage system | more efficient to have workers assembled in a factory than scattered everywhere in their own cottages working on hand-looms | |
| 605948551 | James Watt and the rotary engine | 1760s, Scottish engineer who was asked to repair the Newcomen engine. Instead he created a steam engine, in which power was derived not from air pressure but from steam, and could pump three times as quickly as the Newcomen engine. 1782, developed rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery. | |
| 605948552 | Richard Trevithick | This man pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales. It pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 mph. better locomotives soon followed. | |
| 605948553 | George Stephenson's Rocket | ..., This was the name for the steam-powered locomotive created by George Stephenson that pulled carriages along iron rails. The railroad did not have to follow the course of a river. This meant that tracks could go places that rivers did not, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land. | |
| 607485973 | Great Exhibition of 1851 | In 1851, the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace. The fair had 100,000 exhibits that showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world. | |
| 607485974 | the Crystal Palace | A giant structure of cast iron and glass where over 100,000 exhibits were housed during The Great Exhibition. | |
| 609210083 | tariffs | taxes imposed by a government on imported or exported goods | |
| 609210084 | joint-stock investment banks | Banks which mobilized the savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of capital that could then be plowed back into industry | |
| 609210085 | steamboats | Stimulated western and southern agricultural economy by opening markets, and by allowing eastern manufactures to send their goods west | |
| 610709763 | India's cotton cloth production | One of the world's greatest exporters of cotton cloth in the 18th century, thousands of hand spinners and weavers became unemployed when British control brought inexpensive British factory-produced textiles. An example of the policy pursued by industrialized European states to prevent the growth of industry in their colonies. | |
| 610709764 | Ireland and the potato | Lived in absolute poverty, they depended on the potato to survive. Nutritious + produced 3 times as much food per acre. Made them able to double their population, until the blight famine came. 1 million died, 2 million emigrated. | |
| 610709765 | the Great Famine | This event decimated the Irish population between 1845 and 1851. It was a result of blight due to fungus that struck the potato crop in Ireland during the summer of 1845. Irish migrated to avoid disease caused by malnutrition. | |
| 610709766 | suburbs | residential areas that sprang up close to or surrounding cities as a result of improvements in transportation | |
| 616417325 | Britain's Poor Law Commission | Produced detailed reports on the conditions of industrial cities. Found out the physically and morally debilitating effects of urban industrial life on the poor. Men of working class short, prostitution. Crime and sexual immorality present. | |
| 616417326 | Edwin Chadwick | reformer-one of the most famous-one of the commissioners charged with the administration of relief to paupers under Britain's revised Poor Law of 1834-convinced that disease and death caused poverty-believed that disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment-publicized hard facts about filth of cities and living environments-report became basis for Britain's first public health law | |
| 616417327 | cholera | a treatable infectious disease that can be fatal and is caused by a lack of adequate sanitation and a clean water supply | |
| 616417328 | bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. | |
| 616417329 | purpose and example of unions | Purpose of unions were to save workers' own positions and gain employer advantages. A union example was Robert Owen's Grand National Trades Union which was a strike for the eight-hour working day. | |
| 618205621 | Robert Owen | (1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed | |
| 618205622 | the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union | Formed in February 1834, its purpose was to coordinate a general strike for the 8 hour working day. The lack of working-class support led to its collapse | |
| 618205623 | the Amalgamated Society of Engineers | The largest and most successful trade union in England, formed in 1850; secured generous unemployment benefits for a small weekly payment. | |
| 618205624 | Luddites | Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment. | |
| 618205625 | Ten Hours Act of 1847 | limited workday for women and young people to 10 hours per day | |
| 618205626 | Coal Mines Act of 1842 | this legislation eliminated the employment of boys under 10 and women in mines. |
