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| 293951510 | Anarchism | A doctrine urging the abolition of government or governmental restraint and industrialism as the indispensable condition for full social and political liberty. Some of its followers would favor peace, believing education was key in spreading its ideas, while others favored violence. Later, its followers would favor the community good over the individual good. | |
| 293951511 | Auburn System | This was a European prison model that was named after the Auburn Prison in New York State. According to it, prisoners were separated during the night but could associate while working during the day. | |
| 293951512 | Jeremy Bentham | An English philosopher who advocated the philosophy of utilitarianism and increased the influence of the classical economists in Britain. He argued that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness. He believed utility would overcome the special interests of privileged groups who prevented rational government, and that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. He also argued that in general the individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state. | |
| 293951513 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte | The new president of France following the June days and the abdication of Louis Philippe. Was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. Had attempted a coup d'etat against the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe twice. Claimed that he rather than the newly-elected National Assembly of France represented the will of the nation and then seized power through a coup when the National Assembly refused to let him be re-elected. A plebiscite approved the constitution that solidified his power, and then another made him emperor Napoleon III. | |
| 293951514 | Chartism | formed by the London Working Men's Association in 1838 on the basis of alleviating the economic plight of workers. The group issued a Charter, which listed six political reforms to better the economic depression, and demanded it be passed by Parliament. This charter included universal male suffrage, annual election of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and the abolition of property qualifications for and the payment of salaries to members of the House of Commons. This national movement eventually failed and disbanded in 1848. | |
| 293951515 | The Communist Manifesto (1848) | A pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels for the Secret Communist League that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), and predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services. Marx and Engels say that human history must be understood rationality and as a whole, and that through these clashes between social classes, revolution of production can be achieved, as well as social transformation. | |
| 293951516 | The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) | Written by Friedrich Engels; it presented a devastating picture of the industrial life. Said that society's problems are caused by capitalism and competition. | |
| 293951517 | Confection | As was present in France, goods are produced in standard sizes and styles rather than by special orders for individuals customers. Increases the division of labor in the workshop. Less skills are required for this method of production, therefore decreasing the value of the products produced. | |
| 293951518 | Corn Laws | repealed in 1846 by Robert Peel. The repeal was desired for the purpose of abolishing tariffs to lower the price of goods and thus, strengthening Britain's competitive position in the world market. Robert Peel had actually repealed these laws because of the Irish famine. The repeal would mark the opening of an era of free trade that continued until the 20th century. | |
| 293951519 | Friedrich Engels | Was a colleague of Karl Marx. Wrote "The Condition of the Working Classes in England" (1844). According to him, the new poverty of the industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers. Blamed the middle class and industrial capitalism for this situation. Also stated that the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery". | |
| 293951520 | English Factory Act (of 1833) | 1. Forbade the employment of children under the age of 9 2. Work day for children between the ages of 9 and 13 could not exceed 9 hours 3. Factory owners required to pay for 2 hours of education per day. The effect of this further divided work and the home life. Caused adult workers to demand shorter workdays to fit that of their kids or for the purpose of spending more time with their kids. Was originally meant to create more job opportunities for adults. | |
| 293951521 | Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) | Written by Thomas Malthus, he suggested that the population must eventually outstrip the food supply. There was little hope of averting the disaster, except through late marriage, chastity, and contraception. | |
| 293951522 | Charles Fourier | Proposed the creation of small model communities, each consisting of 1,620 people, to demostrate the advantages of cooperative living. The inhabitants would live and work together for mutual benefit and work assignments rotated frequently to relieve workers of undesirable tasks. Believed the industrial order ignored the passionate side of humanity, and that social discipline ignored all the pleasures that human beings naturally seek. Advocated the construction of communities called phalanxes, meant for the purpose of liberating people from the dullness of industrial living. Sexual activity to be free, marriage later. No person needs to perform the same work for the entire day. Put emphasis on boredom, and its needlessness. | |
| 293951523 | Frankfurt Parliament | Had been given the task of writing a constitution for a united Germany, but made it liberal, which alienated German conservatives and the working class. Conservatives thought this body was a challenge to the political order, and the working class disliked its refusal to restore its protection of the guilds. They were also too attached to the free labor market to offer good legislation to the workers. When they showed their constitution to the chosen Frederick William IV of Prussia to be Germany's king, he rejected their offer, and this group began to dissolve. | |
| 293951524 | Friedrich Hegel | Believed that thought develops from the clash of thesis and antithesis into a new intellectual thesis. This concept greatly influenced Karl Marx. | |
| 293951525 | "Iron Law of Wages" | David's Ricardo's concept, which had been derived from Malthus's concept. As wages rise, birth rates rise, which make wages fall, which make birth rates lower, which then makes wages rise, and so on. | |
| 293951526 | June Days | The new National Assembly closes down workshops for the unemployed in Paris, causing the workers to erect barricades in the city. General Louis Cavaignac moves his troops in to destroy the barricades and stomp out any disturbances, killing 400 people. Troops hunt down another 3000. Marks the end of the drive for social revolution in France following the abdication of Louis Philippe. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism. Also it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon. | |
| 293951527 | Louis Kossuth | Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848. Was a Magyar nationalist and member of the Hungarian diet seeking to raise troops to fight for Hungarian independence. Attacked Austrian domination in the Habsburgs. Called for the independence of Hungary and demanded a responsible ministry under the Habsburg dynasty. Inspired by his speeches, students led disturbances in Vienna. | |
| 293951528 | Laissez-faire | "Let people do as they please"- Favored economic growth through competitive free enterprise while letting government maintain a sound currency, enforcing contrasts, protecting property, imposing low tariffs and taxes and leaving the remainder of economic life to private initiative. Advocated by Adam Smith and classical economists. | |
| 293951529 | Friedrich List | This German journalist and thinker was an early proponent of economic nationalism. He encouraged the development of a German free trade organization which eliminated internal tariffs, known as the Zollverein. | |
| 293951530 | Magyar Revolt | Magyars wanted to create a separate Hungarian state within the Habsburg domains. Hungarians tried to to annex Transylvania, Croatia, and other territories of the Habsburg Empire. These separate groups resisted, believing the Habsburgs gave them a better chance of preserving their ethnic values and identity. Habsburg government then sends Count Joseph Jellachich to aid these nationalistic groups in resisting the Hungarians. | |
| 293951531 | Thomas Malthus | Suggested that nothing could improve the condition of the working class, and that the condition would only get worse. Reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone. Believed that only late marriage, chastity, and contraception could avert the possible outcomes. Said working class would keep producing children, and if wages were raised, they would only use up their extra wages on their children. However, it they didn't, their wages could perhaps be spent on consumer goods instead of kids. | |
| 293951532 | Karl Marx | German socialist of the mid-19th century who saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production. He preached necessity of social revolution to create a proletarian dictatorship. Equated the fate of the proletariat to that of humanity. Liberation from capitalism would mean the liberation of humanity. | |
| 293951533 | Karl Marx | _______________ derived the major ideas of the "Communist Manifesto" and "Capital" from: 1. German Hegelanism 2. French Utopian Socialism 3. British classical economics 4. Factory conditions in Manchester | |
| 293951534 | Methodism | emphasized the conversion experience and the change of heart as a sign of received salvation. Was one of the prime religions in which the antislavery movement was fostered. | |
| 293951535 | New South Wales | Where the British government sent the persons convicted of the most severe crimes | |
| 293951536 | Robert Owen | _______________ was a Scottish industrialist/British socialist who: 1. Established a model, Utopian community at New Harmony, Indiana 2. Opposed the employment of young children 3. Supported Engels's attacks on the middle class 4. Experimented with cooperative and socialist communities 5. Organized one of Britain's first national unions 6. Tried to improve the working conditions of his workers | |
| 293951537 | Robert Peel | Prime minister of England who sponsored legislation passed by British Parliament that put Police on London streets. The police were soon known as bobbies or peelers. Also repealed Corn Laws to open British ports to foreign grain to feed the starving Irish. Accompanied abolition with a program for government and to modernize Britain's agriculture. | |
| 293951538 | Philadelphia System | Prisoners kept rigorously separated from each other at all times; Example is the Pentonville Prison near London. | |
| 293951539 | Poor Laws | Provided aid to some low-paid workers. Prepared by the followers of Bentham. Government poor relief to be given out only in the workhouses. Life in the workhouse more unpleasant than the life outside, thus making poverty the most undesirable of all situations. The administrators assumed people wouldn't work because they were lazy, which was incorrect. Malthus especially was against these for he believed it encouraged the poor to breed and further complicate the problem because they didn't contribute to working society or generate "effective demand" for commodities produced by capitalists. | |
| 293951540 | Potato blight | ecological disaster in Ireland in the 1840's that killed thousands and led many Irish to immigrate to the United States to escape death and starvation. Was one of the factors of the outbreaks of revolutions in 1848. | |
| 293951541 | Principles of Political Economy | written David Ricardo, he stated his belief on wages and workers. He also transformed the concepts of Malthus into the "iron law of wages". | |
| 293951542 | Proletarianization | the term used to indicate the entry of workers into a wage economy and their gradual loss of significant ownership of the means of production such as tools and equipment, and the control over the conduct of their own trade. Artisans and factory workers would eventually come to participate in a wage-labor force in which their labor became a commodity of the labor marketplace. Would occur when a factory replaces previous skilled laborers, and the factor workers must contribute labor for wage. | |
| 293951543 | Pierre-Joseph Proudhon | He was a French social thinker that was against the industrial side of society, and he also favored education and opposed violence. He wrote "What is Property?" (1840) and explained that industrialization will ruin worker's rights, including the right to profit from their own labor. Attacked the banking system, which failed to extend credit to mall property owners. Argued that the private ownership of property robbed those without property of their share of the planet's benefits. Believed society should operate on the basis of mutualism, and with that, governments are obsolete as the protector of property. | |
| 293951544 | David Ricardo | Wrote Principles of Political Economy (1817); also known for his concept, the "iron law of wages", in which a rise of population means rise of amount of workers, which cause wages to fall below the subsistence level, resulting in misery and starvation. Wages raised, parents have more kids, who would then enter the working field, thus lowering wages; lowered wages would lead to less kids, thus less workers in the working field, resulting in higher wages. Continuing, never-ending cycle. | |
| 293951545 | Count Claude Henri de Saint-Simon | Believed that modern society would require rational management, basically wanted a board of directors for the economy. Private wealth, property and enterprise would be subject to an administration other than that of its owners. Ideal government consists of a board of directors to manage the activity of individuals to ensure social harmony. Father of technocracy. Management of wealth by experts would help to subside poverty. His societies became known for advocating sexuality outside of marriage. | |
| 293951546 | Second Republic | Following the abdication of Louis Philippe, a predominately conservative new National Assembly is in effect. Features the arise of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, who eventually overpowers the National Assembly. | |
| 293951547 | Charter | The six points of the ______________ include: 1. universal male suffrage 2. annual election of the House of Commons 3. secret ballot 4. equal electoral districts 5. abolition of property qualifications for and 6. payment of salaries to members of the House of Commons. Parliament refused to pass this 3 times. Later, several of the 6 points become law. | |
| 293951548 | Transylvania | territory that Hungarians try to annex. | |
| 293951549 | Utilitarianism | advocated by Jeremy Bentham. The greatest happiness for the greatest number. Also said that government laws that didn't benefit all citizens were useless. | |
| 293951550 | Utopian Socialists | Their ideas were visionary and frequently advocated the creation of ideal communities. Questioned the structures and values of the existing capitalistic framework. Featured radical ideas about sexuality and the family, including free love and open family relationships. | |
| 293951551 | John Wesley | founder of Methodism. He attacked slaveholding in his "Thoughts on Slavery" | |
| 293951552 | "What is Property?" (1840) | Written by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon | |
| 293951553 | Vesuvians | This was the most radical group of women in France who tried to demand rights after the emergence of the Second Republic and the Napoleonic coup. Named after a volcano in Italy. Demanded domestic household equality between men and women, the right of women to serve in the military, and similarity in dress for both sexes. Conducted street demonstrations. Unfortunately, they were too radical for some women and lost their support. | |
| 293951554 | Zollverein (1834) | A free-trading union formed by all the major German states except Austria. The favorability of abolishing internal tariffs that impeded economic growth was realized by Prussian reformers following the Napoleonic wars. | |
| 294729186 | William Wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807. In 1823, began to call for the emancipation of slaves. | |
| 294729187 | Utopian Socialism | A phrase that was first used by Karl Marx to criticize the works of Fourier, Owen, and Saint-Simon | |
| 294729188 | Anarchists | ______________ believed that individuals would be free only when the state was abolished. | |
| 294729189 | Revolutions of 1848 | The _____________________ reflected the interests of the following: 1. liberals 2. middle-class 3. nationalists | |
| 294729190 | liberals, middle | The major impetus for change came from the political _________, who were generally from the ________ class. | |
| 294729191 | David Ricardo, Karl Marx | Whereas _______________ argued that labor was the source of all value, __________ argued that profits were really wages stolen from the workers. | |
| 294729192 | Colonial trade | In the 1830's, Great Britain was the most industrialized and technologically advanced country in the world. _________________ was a major factor in its early industrialization. | |
| 294729193 | French, Napoleonic | Industrial development in continental Europe was disrupted by the _____________ revolution and the _____________wars. | |
| 294729194 | industrial economy | The _____________ of the 19th century was based upon all of the following: 1. the availability of raw materials 2. an adequate labor supply 3. the availability of capital 4. a distribution system to market finished products | |
| 294729195 | textile, family | The first factories were ________ mills in Great Britain. Before the 1830's, the ________ typically worked as a unit in the factories, which was a continuation of the traditional domestic system of textile production. | |
| 294729196 | gender | During the 19th century, the domestic division of labor into specific __________ patterns was common to all classes: working class, middle class, and upper class. | |
| 294729197 | women | As a generality of the Industrial Revolution, ________ were typically relegated to low-paying, dead-end jobs. | |
| 294729198 | prison, police | The establishment of new ________ systems and _______ forces in Europe in the mid-19th century was a result of: 1. industrialization 2. radicalism 3. earlier revolutions 4. urbanization | |
| 294729199 | Paris | The first European city to have an organized police force was ________ in 1828. | |
| 294729200 | b | Early factory owners: a. only hired women and children b. allowed husbands to hire their wives and children as assistants c. only hired men whose wives did not work d. forbade husbands and wives from working in the same factory e. only hired skilled artisans | |
| 294729201 | domestic servants | In 1850, the largest group of employed women in England worked as _________________. | |
| 294729202 | rational management | Saint-Simon believed that, above all else, modern society needed _______________. | |
| 294729203 | d | Marx derived the major ideas of the Communist Manifesto form: a. Darwin's theory of evolution b. the French Enlightenment c. German Kantianism d. German Hegelianism e. the ideas of Malthus and Ricardo | |
| 294729204 | b | The dynamic force behind the revolutions of 1848 was the: a. working poor b. political liberals c. socialists d. Marxists e. landless peasants | |
| 294729205 | a | Which of the following would not be considered part of the Chartist reform program? a. women's rights b. annual election of the House of Commons c. universal manhood suffrage d. salaries for Members of Parliament e. a secret ballot | |
| 294788242 | industry, government | Anarchists rejected both _________ and _______________. | |
| 294788243 | France | The Revolutions of 1848 first erupted in _____________. | |
| 294987697 | Socialists | applauded the new productive capacity of industrialism. But denied that the free market could adequately produce and distribute goods the way the classical economists claimed. Thought human society should be organized as a community, rather than merely as a conglomerate of atomistic selfish individuals. |
