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| 20693771 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world. | 0 | |
| 20693772 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. | 1 | |
| 20693773 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century. | 2 | |
| 20693774 | Vizier | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wasir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 15th century often more powerful than sultan. | 3 | |
| 20693775 | Suleymaniye mosque | . | 4 | |
| 20693776 | Safavid dynasty | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. | 5 | |
| 20693777 | Safi al-Din | early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Idslam; first member of Safavid dynasty. | 6 | |
| 20693778 | Ism ail | Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor. | 7 | |
| 20693779 | Chaldiran | site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire. | 8 | |
| 20693780 | Abbas I (The Great) | Safavid ruler from 1587-1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology. | 9 | |
| 20693781 | Imams | According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from Ali. | 10 | |
| 20693782 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture. | 11 | |
| 20693783 | Mughal dynasty | established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. | 12 | |
| 20693784 | Babur | founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. | 13 | |
| 20693785 | Humayan | son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly thereafter. | 14 | |
| 20693786 | Akbar | son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. | 15 | |
| 20693787 | Dun--Ilahi | . | 16 | |
| 20693788 | sati | . | 17 | |
| 20693789 | Taj Mahal | most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; orgininally built as a mausoluem for the wife od Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal. | 18 | |
| 20693790 | Nur Jahan | wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal empire during later years of Jahangir's reign. | 19 | |
| 20693791 | Aurangzeb | son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes; died in 1707. | 20 |
