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| 20997907 | Progressive Movement | The period of the twentieth century before World War I, this era saw many groups seeking to reshape the nation's government and society in response to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization. | |
| 20997908 | Pragmatism | Practical. | |
| 20997909 | William James | Founder of the discipline of psychology. He was the most influential philosopher of his time. Contrary to the prevailing environmentalism, James held an axiomatic belief in free will. He was America's leading proponent of pragmatism. | |
| 20997910 | John Dewey | The "father" of progressive education, published "The School and Society" (1899) to suggest the need for an education that was practical and useful. He insisted that education should be child centered and that schools should build character, teach good citizenship, and be instruments of social reform. | |
| 20997911 | Frederick W. Taylor | Used a stopwatch to time the output of factory workers--discovered ways of organizing people in the most efficient manner. | |
| 20997912 | Scientific Management | Way of organizing people in the most efficient manner. | |
| 20997913 | Muckrakers | Progressive investigative journalists who exposed the seamy side of American life at the turn of the twentieth century. They were named by President Roosevelt who disapproved of their "raking in the muck." | |
| 20997914 | Henry Demarest Lloyd | One of the earliest muckrakers attacked practices of Standard Oil Company and railroads in his book "Lloyd's Wealth Against Commonwealth" which fully exposed corruption and greed of oil monopoly but failed to suggest how to control it. | |
| 20997915 | Standard Oil Company | John D. Rockefeller organized this in Cleveland in 1870. Through ruthless competition and superb organization, the Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of oil refining in the United States by 1879. | |
| 20997916 | Lincoln Steffans | Wrote muckraking articles in "Tweed Days in St. Louis" (1902). He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which caused a sensation by describing in detail the corrupt that characterized big-city politics. | |
| 20997917 | Ida Tarbell | Wrote muckraking articles in "The History of the Standard Oil Company" (1902) | |
| 20997918 | Jacob Riis | Wrote articles on tenement life. He was one of the first photojournalists. He wrote "How the Other Half Lives" (1890) | |
| 20997919 | Theodore Dreiser | Wrote two novels "The Financier" and "The Titan" which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an inddustrialist. | |
| 20997920 | Australian Ballot | System refers to the use of official ballots and secret voting rather than party tickets. | |
| 20997921 | Direct Primary | Method for nominating party canidates by majority vote. The system that bypasses politicians and places the nominating process directly in the hands of voters. | |
| 20997922 | Robert La Folette | Progressive governor of Wisconsin, who introduced direct primary. | |
| 20997923 | Seventeenth Amendment | This Constitutional change in 1913 established the direct popular election of U.S. senators. | |
| 20997924 | Referendum | Submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct popular vote for approval or rejection. | |
| 20997925 | Social Welfare | Social services provided by a government for its citizens and by reformers. | |
| 20997926 | Municipal Reform | Samuel M. Jones introduced a comprehensive program, which included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. | |
| 20997927 | Recall | Refers to the process of removing an official from office by popular vote, usually after using petitions to call for such a vote. | |
| 20997928 | Initative | Method by which voters could compel legislature to consider a bill. | |
| 21040778 | Samuel M. Jones | Made his middle name "Golden Rule." He was the progressive reform mayor of Toledo, Ohio at the turn of the twentieth century. He, like other reform mayors, launched a massive assault on dishonesty and inefficiency in urban government. | |
| 21040779 | Tom L. Johnson | Devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares for the people of Cleveland. Fought valiantly, but without success. | |
| 21040780 | Charles Evans Hughes | A progressive Republican, was that party's presidential nominee in 1916. Later, he was a secretary of state and chief justice of the Supreme Court. | |
| 21040781 | Hiram Johnson | Successfully fought against economic and political power of Southern Pacific Railroad. | |
| 21040782 | Square Deal | Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated that he favored neither business nor labor. | |
| 21040783 | Anthracite Coal Miners' Strike (1902) | Lasted thhrough much of 1902. If strike continued many Americans feared that without coal they would freeze to death when winter came. | |
| 21040784 | Trust-Busting | Roosevelt wanted to break up trusts, but made a distinction between regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated to a market and breaking up "bad trusts" which harmed the public and stifled competition. | |
| 21040785 | Elkins Act (1903) | Interstate Commerce Act had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. | |
| 21040786 | Hepburn Act (1906) | Put teeth in the regulatory power of the Interstate Commerce Commission. It gave the commission power to inspect railroad companies' records, set maximum rates, and outlaw free passes, which were often used to influence politicians. | |
| 21040787 | Upton Sinclair, The Jungle | Socialist journalist's novel was a devastating exposé of Chicago's slaughterhouses. Its publication and popularity helped President Roosevelt pressure Congress into enacting meat-inspection and pure-food and drug legislation. | |
| 21040788 | Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) | Forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs. | |
| 21040789 | Meat Inspection Act (1906) | Provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation. | |
| 21040790 | Conservation | Refers to the efficient management and use of natural resources, such as forests, grasslands, and rivers, as opposed to preservation or uncontrolled exploitation. | |
| 21040791 | Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) | Law providing money from sale of public land irrigation projects in western states. | |
| 21040792 | Gifford Pinchot | The nation's chief forester and an avid conservationist, became involved in a dispute with President Taft's secretary of the interior, Richard Ballinger, in 1910. The dispute centered around the disposition of public domain in Alaska which Ballinger wanted to cede to mining interests, a move Pinchot opposed. Taft backed his secretary and earned the enmity of many pro-conservation progressives in Congress. | |
| 21040793 | William Howard Taft | Roosevelt's successor in 1908. He was a Republican. | |
| 21040794 | Mann-Elkins Act (1910) | Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. | |
| 21040795 | Sixteenth Amendment | This Constitutional revision in 1913 authorized a federal income tax. | |
| 21041856 | Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) | Although President William Howard Taft personally favored downward revision of U.S. tariffs, he still signed this protectionist bill. His action alienated many congressional progressives from his administration. | |
| 21041857 | Joseph Cannon | Progressive Republican's became angry at Pres. Taft when he failed to support their effort to reduce the dictorial powers of Congress' leading conservative. This man was Speaker of the House. | |
| 21041858 | Socialist Party of America | This political party formed in 1901 with a strong representation from immigrants and provided a political outlet for worker grievances, but fared poorly beyond a few local elections in industrial areas. | |
| 21041859 | Eugene V. Debs | One of the founders of the socialist party and party's canidate for pres. in 5 elections. Former runaway union leader, who adopted socialism while jailed for Pullman strike. He was an outspoken critic of usiness and a champion of labor. | |
| 21041860 | Bull Moose Party | Progressive Republican's started their own party and nominated Theodore Roosevelt. | |
| 21041861 | New Nationalism | In 1912, running on the Progressive party ticket, Theodore Roosevelt campaigned on a comprehensive progressive platform for economic and social legislation. It called for expanding federal power to regulate big business and enacting social-justice legislation. | |
| 21041862 | New Freedom | In the 1912 presidential campaign, Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson argued for a this contending that the government could best serve the public interest and provide social justice by breaking up the trusts and restoring competition to the economy. | |
| 21041863 | Underwood Tariff (1913) | Substantially lowered tariffs for the first time on over 50 years. Included a graduated income tax rate from 1 to 6 percent. | |
| 21041864 | Federal Reserve Act (1914) | Gave the United States a central banking system governed by a Federal Reserve Board. | |
| 21041865 | Federal Reserve Board | Controlled the rediscount rate and thus the money supply. | |
| 21041866 | Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) | Strengthened existing antitrust laws. It outlawed interlocking directorates, exempted labor unions from antitrust laws, and limited the use of injunctions in labor disputes. | |
| 21041867 | Federal Trade Commission | Created in 1914, replaced the Bureau of Corporations. This nonpartisan commission investigated and reported on corporate behavior, and was authorized to issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices. | |
| 21043590 | Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) | In 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. | |
| 21043591 | Urban Migration | African Americans steadily shifted toward the north between 1910 and 1930. Some reasons were (1) Deteriorating race relations, (2) Destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil, and (3) Job opportunities in nothern factories that opened up when white workers were drafted into WW I. | |
| 21043592 | Niagara Movement | W. E. B. Du Bois met with a group of black intellectuals to discuss a program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks. | |
| 21043593 | Booker T. Washington | A former slave who founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881. He believed blacks could advance by their own efforts and white help, and by accommodating to white prejudice. Whites considered him a "reasonable" spokesman of black interests in America. | |
| 21043594 | W. E. B. Du Bois | America's foremost black intellectual at the turn of the twentieth century, and an outspoken leader of the black cause. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's accommodationist posture and called upon blacks to insist on equal rights. He was a founder of the NAACP and editor of its journal, "The Crisis." | |
| 21043595 | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NNACP) | This national interracial organization founded in 1910 was dedicated to restoring African-American political and social rights. | |
| 21043596 | National Urban League | Formed in 1911 to help migrating from South to nothern cities. Their motto was "Not Alms But Opportunity" which reflected its emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement. | |
| 21043597 | Carrie Chapman Catt | Energetic reformer who became pres. of National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900. Argued for vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women, thus enabling them to more actively care for their families in an industrial society. | |
| 21043598 | National American Woman Suffrage Association | This organization, formed in 1890, to coordinate the ultimately successful campaign to achieve women's right to vote. | |
| 21043599 | Alice Paul | Dynamic radical feminist who led the Women's party's campaign for an equal-rights amendment to the Constitution in the 1920s. | |
| 21043600 | National Woman's Party | Was formed in 1916. A more militant approach to gaining vote by some women. Took to streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes. Their leader was Alice Paul. | |
| 21043601 | Nineteenth Amendment | 1920--Guaranteed women's right to vote in all elections at local, state, and national levels. | |
| 21043602 | League of Woman's Voters | Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about canidates and issues. |
