Descent with Modification: A Darwin View of Life
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| 528307082 | Evolution | Descent with modification -Earth's many species are descendants of ancestral species that are different from present-day species -A change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation | |
| 528307083 | Darwin --> X <-- traditional | Traditional views -Earth = young -species= unchanging | |
| 528307084 | Greek philosophers | life changed gradually over time | |
| 528307085 | Anaximander | * Think salamander -Life arose from water -Simpler life forms rose from more complex life forms -no one believed him | |
| 528307086 | Aristotle | -species were fixed, no change, static -scala naturae "Scale of nature" -Life forms could be arranged on ladder/scale Scala naturae --> X <-- binomial format No change --> X <--Evolution | |
| 528307087 | What did people believe in 1700s | Creator made species match perfectly for environment | |
| 528307088 | Judeo Christian Culture | -6000 years old -Creator made forms -Darwin and everyone believed | |
| 528307089 | Georges Buffon | 1778 -Believed earth was 70,000 -That's how long it took the world to cool from molten state, Earth from lava -Species arose from variation of ancient ancestors -From very beginning of cooled Earth -unpublished because scared of religious leaders | |
| 528307090 | Carolus Linneaus | - 1707-1778 -Swedish physician and botanist -Sought to classify life's diversity for the greater good of God -Binomial format -Nested classification: grouping similar species into increasingly general categories based on patterns of creation --> X <-- evolutionary relationships scala naturae--> X <-- binomial format | |
| 528307091 | Fossils | remains or traces of organisms from the past -found in sedimentary rocks formed from sand and mud that settle in aquatic habitats -strata (stratum) any layers of sediment covers old ones, compress in superimposed layers of rock -The layer of strata fossil found in reveals the time period | |
| 528307092 | Paleontology | study of fossils | |
| 528307093 | Georges Cuvier | -1769-1832 -Founder of paleontology -French scientist studying strata near Paris -Found fossils in coal and slate mines -Hired people and took fossils to museum for display -Everyone came from all over to see them -Catastrophism--> X <-- Evolution | |
| 528307094 | Slate | -peel sleets and find fossils -Each boundary between strata represented a catastrophe -The older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life forms -From one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared -extinctions were common occurrence in history of life | |
| 528307095 | Catastrophism | Catastrophes -Advocated by Georges Cuvier - occurred in local regions -later repopulated by different species immigrating from other areas | |
| 528307096 | Georges Buffon important date | 1778 | |
| 528307097 | Carolus Linnaeus important date | 1707-1778 | |
| 528307098 | Georges Cuvier important dates | 1769-1832 | |
| 528307099 | No one found fossils until_? | 1800s | |
| 528307100 | James Hutton important date | 1795 | |
| 528307101 | James Hutton | -Change could take place through slow continuous process -Scottish geologist -Earth's geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today -Gradualism | |
| 528307102 | Charles Lyell important dates | 1797-1875 | |
| 528307103 | Charles Lyell | -leading geologist -Uniformitarianism | |
| 528307104 | Uniformitarianism | mechanisms of change are constant over time -The same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate | |
| 528307105 | In terms of geologic change, what did Darwin believe? | If geologic change results from slow, continuous actions, Earth is older than few thousand years -Could also produce biological change | |
| 528307106 | 18th century overall beliefs? | -life evolves as environments change | |
| 528307107 | Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck | -French biologist -most remembered for incorrect mechanism he proposed -1. Use and disuse- parts of the body used extensively become larger and stronger; those that are not used deteriorate -2. Inheritance of acquired characteristics- an organism could pass these modifications to its offspring -ex. long neck of giraffe had evolved over many generations as giraffes stretched their necks highers | |
| 528307108 | Lamarck important date | 1809 | |
| 528307109 | Year Darwin was born | 1809 | |
| 528307110 | Where did government send groups? Purpose? | Africa, South America, etc. -brought back animals, findings -Started zoos -competitions in Europe, who had the most diverse animals | |
| 528307111 | Question that probed Lamarck | How had the giraffe get the tall neck? -Held competitions and prize for best answer | |
| 528341192 | Lamarck's hypothesis | Giraffes had small necks at first -Each year, giraffes would have to stretch neck to reach leaves -when reproduced, offspring would inherit stretched neck -That generation stretched neck and reproduced -You inherit something acquired during lifetime (WRONG) | |
| 528341193 | Mendel's genetic ideas in the (year?)__ | 1800s | |
| 528341194 | Mendel's genetics ideas | proved Lamarck's theory wrong | |
| 528341195 | Why was Lamarck wrong? | -ex. Blacksmith has big biceps -offspring will come out with big biceps - ex. a person lost a limb in lifetime -offspring will come out with no limb | |
| 528341196 | Family Darwin grew up in | Wealthy family | |
| 528341197 | Two options given to Darwin from father | 1. go to medical school 2. join the clergy | |
| 528341198 | People needed a _______ for a European voyage, which is what attracted Darwin | Naturalist, (Biologist) | |
| 528341199 | For what purposes were the European voyages? | Not for science but for money | |
| 528341200 | What ship did Darwin sail on? | Beagle | |
| 528341201 | What years did Darwin sail? | 1831-36 | |
| 528341202 | What was the trick used to trick pirates? (On Beagle?) | Painted cannon ball holes on ship | |
| 528341203 | Where did the Beagle start and what's a significant stopping point? | England, went to Galapagos islands | |
| 528341204 | Darwin often got ___ from being on the boat.. | sea sick | |
| 528341205 | What did Darwin do on voyages? | collected things and put in salt to preserve -deposit in museums | |
| 528341206 | Which museum has more things than any other museum? | Britain | |
| 528341207 | Where do they house what Darwin collected? (today?) | London | |
| 528341208 | Galapagos island | Animals not afraid of humans because little hunting there -some things looked the same as South America things but slightly different -Things a long time ago changed from what we see now | |
| 528341209 | What book did Darwin have with him? | Charles Lyell's book | |
| 528341210 | What was the name of Charles Lyell's book? | Principles of Geology | |
| 528341211 | When was Charles Lyell's book published? | 1830 | |
| 528341212 | Important dates timeline | -1707-1778 Carolus Linneaus -1778 Georges Buffon -1795 Hutton's gradualism -1809 Lamarck's hypothesis -1809 Darwin is born -1812 Cuvier publishes studies -1830 Lyell Principles of Geology -1831-36 Darwin travels on Beagle -1844 Darwin writes essay on descent with modification -1858 Wallace sends Darwin hypothesis 1859 On the Origin of Species | |
| 528365567 | What fundamental question did Darwin ask himself when understanding evolution? | How can things change that rapidly is Earth is only 7000 years old? | |
| 528365568 | What did Lyell propose that supported Darwin's theory? | Earth was millions of years old | |
| 528365569 | How long did Darwin work on theory? | 5 years | |
| 528365570 | Things change over vast amnt of time --> X <-- ? | Suggested there was no god because species evolved over time by themselves -open havoc | |
| 528365571 | Alfred Russell Wallace important dates | 1850s | |
| 528365572 | Alfred Russell Wallace went where? | Indonesia and dropped off -everyone thought dead but reappeared to give things to England museum | |
| 528365573 | Wallace wrote ideas of.. | evolution | |
| 528365574 | Wallace and ___ had identical theories | Darwin | |
| 528365575 | A mutual friend told Darwin to do what before Wallace? | publish | |
| 528365576 | When did Darwin publish and what was the title? | On the origin of the species 1859 | |
| 528365577 | Who was given credit for theory of evolution? Darwin or Wallace? | Darwin | |
| 528365578 | Aftermath of Darwin and Wallace | Became friends and presented together | |
| 528365579 | Aftermath of Darwin's publishing | -uproar by religious leaders -scientific realm by storm | |
| 528365580 | Natural selection | mechanism of evolution -Nature decides who lives and who dies -Those with good genes pass on to offspring -Those with bad genes (dead) do not pass to offspring -Darwin's | |
| 528365581 | Darwin's theory of offspring | -More offspring tend to be produced than can ever survive | |
| 528365582 | What kind of traits survive more? | adaptive |
