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| 152680804 | Tidal Volume (TV) | Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (Adult male and female value = 500ml) | |
| 152680805 | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (Adult male = 3100ml) (female = 1900ml) | |
| 152680806 | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (Adult male = 1200ml) (female = 700ml) | |
| 152680807 | Residual Volume (RV) | Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation (Adult male = 1200ml) (female = 1100ml) | |
| 152680808 | When alveolar O2 is high | Arterioles(blood vessels) dilate | |
| 152680809 | When alveolar O2 is low | Arterioles(blood vessels) constrict | |
| 152680810 | When alveolar CO2 is high | Bronchioles dilate | |
| 152680811 | When alveolar CO2 is low | Bronchioles constrict | |
| 152680812 | External Respiration occurs in ____________. | Lungs | |
| 152680813 | Internal Respiration occurs in the __________. | Tissues | |
| 152680814 | Ventilation | Amount of gas reaching the alveoli | |
| 152680815 | Perfusion | Blood flow reaching the alveoli | |
| 152680816 | Lung compliance is diminished by | 1.) Non-elastic scar tissue (fibrosis) 2.) Smoking 3.) Reduced production of surfactant 4.) Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage 5.) Tuberculosis | |
| 152680817 | Homeostatic Imbalances that reduce compliance | 1.) Deformities of the thorax 2.) Ossification of the costal cartilidge 3.) Paralysis of intercostal muscles | |
| 152680818 | Lung compliance | Healthy lungs are very stretchy referred to as | |
| 152680819 | Lung compliance | Normally is high due to 1.) The distensibility (swelling/stretching) of the lung tissue 2.) alveolar surface tension | |
| 152680820 | F(flow) = | P(pressure) / R(resistance) means more resistance = less air | |
| 152680821 | Physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation | 1.) Airway resistance/friction 2.) Alveolar surface tension 3.) Lung compliance | |
| 152680822 | Surfactant | 1.) Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells. 2.) Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse | |
| 152680823 | Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) | Insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature infants causes this | |
| 152680824 | Transpulmonary pressure | (intrapulmonary pressure) MINUS (intrapleural pressure) 760 mm Hg minus 756 mm Hg = 4 mm Hg | |
| 152680825 | Intrapleural pressure (P ip) | Pressure in pleural cavity Always a negative pressure around -4 mm Hg | |
| 152680826 | Intrapulmonary pressure (P pul) | Pressure in the alveoli Always eventually equalizes with P atm (atmospheric pressure) | |
| 152680827 | Spirometer | Instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities | |
| 152680828 | Minute Ventilation | Total amount of gas flow in or out of the respiratory tract in one minute | |
| 152680829 | Alveolar Dead space | Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction | |
| 152680830 | Anatomical Dead space | Volume of the conducting zone conduit (150 ml), means of the tidal volume 500ml only 350ml actually reach alveoli bc of this space. | |
| 152683448 | The four respiratory volumes are | Tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual | |
| 152683449 | The four respiratory capacities are | Vital, functional residual, inspiratory, and total lung | |
| 152869542 | CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) | is 20 times more soluble in Water than O2 (oxygen). | |
| 152869543 | N2 (Nitrogen) | Very little dissolves in Water | |
| 152869544 | Law that when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure | Henry's Law | |
| 152869545 | At equilibrium, | the partial pressures in the two phases will be equal | |
| 152869546 | Alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor than atmospheric air, due to | 1.) Gas exchanges in the lungs 2.) Humidification of air 3.) Mixing of alveolar gas that occurs with each breath | |
| 152869547 | Exchange of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane is Influenced by | 1.) Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities 2.) Alveolar Ventilation-pulmonary blood perfusion coupling 3.) Structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane | |
| 152869548 | Partial pressure gradient for CO2 in the lungs is less steep: | Venous blood Pco2 = 45 mm Hg Alveolar Pco2 = 40 mm Hg | |
| 152869549 | Partial pressure gradient for O2 in the lungs is steep | Venous blood Po2 = 40 mm Hg Alveolar Po2 = 104 mm Hg | |
| 152869550 | Respiratory Membranes | Thicken if lungs become waterlogged and edematous, and gas exchange becomes inadequate | |
| 152869551 | Respiratory Membranes | Reduction in surface area with emphysema, when walls of adjacent alveoli break down | |
| 152869552 | Molecular O2 is carried in the blood | 1.5% dissolved in plasma 98.5% loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs 4 O2 per Hb | |
| 152869553 | Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2): | hemoglobin-O2 combination | |
| 152869554 | Reduced hemoglobin (HHb): | hemoglobin that has released O2 | |
| 152869555 | Rate of loading and unloading of O2 in Hemoglobin (Hb) is regulated by | 1.) Po2 (partial pressure oxygen) 2.)Temperature 3.)Blood pH 4.)Pco2 (partial pressure carbon dioxide) 5.)Concentration of BPG (isomer present in red blood cells) | |
| 152869556 | In arterial blood | 1.) Po2 = 100 mm Hg 2.) Contains 20 ml oxygen per 100 ml blood (20 vol %) 3.) Hb is 98% saturated | |
| 152869557 | In venous blood | 1.) Po2 = 40 mm Hg 2.) Contains 15 vol % oxygen 3.) Hb is 75% saturated | |
| 152869558 | Hemoglobin is almost completely saturated at a | Po2 level of 70 mm Hg (mercury) | |
| 152887151 | If O2 levels in tissues drop: | 1.) More oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin and is used by cells 2.) Respiratory rate or cardiac output need not increase | |
| 152887152 | Only 20-25% of bound O2 is | unloaded during one systemic circulation | |
| 152887153 | Hypoxia | Due to a variety of causes 1.) Too few Red Blood Cells 2.) Abnormal or too little Hb 3.) Blocked circulation 4.) Metabolic poisons 5.) Pulmonary disease 6.) Carbon monoxide | |
| 152887154 | CO2 is transported in the blood in three forms | 1.) 7 to 10% dissolved in plasma. 2.) 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin). 3.) 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma. | |
| 152887155 | In systemic capillaries | 1.) HCO3 (bicarbonate ion) - quickly diffuses from Red Blood Cells into the plasma. 2.) The chloride shift occurs: outrush of HCO3 (bicarbonate ion) - from the Red Blood Cells is balanced as Cl- (chloride ion) moves in from the plasma. | |
| 152887156 | Carbon dioxide + Water | = Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) (happens in Systemic capillaries during transport and exchange of CO2) | |
| 152887157 | Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) disassociates quickly into what during transport and exchange of CO2? | Hydrogen Ion (h+) + Bicarbonate ion (HCo3-) | |
| 152887158 | In pulmonary capillaries during transport and exchange of CO2 | 1.) HCO3 (bicarbonate ion) - moves into the Red Blood Cellss and binds with H+ to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid). 2.) H2CO3 (carbonic acid) is split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water. 3.) CO2 diffuses into the alveoli. | |
| 152887159 | Acclimatization to High Altitude | 1.) Decline in blood O2 stimulates the kidneys to accelerate production of Erethropoietin( producess Red blood cells) 2.) Red Blood Cell numbers increase slowly to provide long-term compensation | |
| 152887160 | Acclimatization to High Altitude | respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude | |
| 152887161 | Acclimatization to High Altitude | 1.) Chemoreceptors become more responsive to Pco2 when Po2 declines. 2.) Substantial decline in Po2 directly stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors. Result: minute ventilation increases and stabilizes in a few days to 2-3 L/min higher than at sea level. | |
| 152887162 | Quick travel to altitudes above 8000 feet may produce these symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS): | 1.) Headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness. 2.) In severe cases, lethal cerebral and pulmonary edema. | |
| 152887163 | Three neural factors cause increase in ventilation as exercise begins: | 1.) Psychological stimuli—anticipation of exercise 2.) Simultaneous cortical motor activation of skeletal muscles and respiratory centers 3.) Exictatory impulses reaching respiratory centers from | |
| 152887164 | Pco2, Po2, and pH levels remain | surprisingly constant during exercise. | |
| 152887165 | Hyperpnia | Increase in ventilation (10 to 20 fold) in response to metabolic needs | |
| 152887166 | Hering-Breuer Reflex (inflation reflex) | 1.) Stretch receptors in the pleurae and airways are stimulated by lung inflation. 2.) Inhibitory signals to the medullary respiratory centers end inhalation and allow expiration to occur. 3.) Acts more as a protective response than a normal regulatory mechanism. | |
| 152887167 | Pulmonary Irritant Reflexes | 1.) Receptors in the bronchioles respond to irritants 2.) Promote reflexive constriction of air passages 3.) Receptors in the larger airways mediate the cough and sneeze reflexes | |
| 152929428 | Boyle's Law tells us that | the decrease of pressure in your lungs causes you to inhale because the internal pressure is less than that outside your body. | |
| 152929429 | As body temperature rises | oxygen exchange is less efficient because the solubility of oxygen in the heated plasma decreases. | |
| 152929430 | During normal breath-holding it's the increase in carbon dioxide, not the oxygen decrease | that stimulates taking a breath. | |
| 152929431 | Your body has central chemoreceptors that are more sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide | than decreases in oxygen. | |
| 152929432 | Partial pressure and gas solubility are key factors in | efficient gas exchange. | |
| 152929433 | Cellular metabolism generates carbon dioxide as a | by-product. | |
| 152929434 | Partial pressure of oxygen is lower | in the tissues. | |
| 152929435 | The amount and partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the | alveolar sacs. | |
| 152929436 | Less than five percent of the oxygen is freely circulating | and the rest is bound to hemoglobin. | |
| 152929437 | Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | explains how gases behave when they are mixed together. The pressure in a confined space is the total of all the gas pressures combined. | |
| 152929438 | Henry's Law explains | how gases can dissolve in a solution | |
| 152939294 | In order for the alveolar sacs to inflate easily, what has to be low? | surface tension | |
| 152939295 | What is the distance between your alveoli and the blood across the respiratory membrane? | About half a micrometer | |
| 152939296 | Which law explains how the air travels through the conducting system? | Boyle's Law | |
| 152939297 | What is the partial pressure difference for oxygen between the lungs and tissues versus the partial pressure differences for carbon dioxide? | Oxygen is twelve to fifteen times greater than carbon dioxide. | |
| 152939298 | During normal resting breathing, why do you breathe in? | because the partial pressure in your lungs is lower than outside your body. | |
| 152939299 | Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures explains how gases behave when they are mixed together. | True | |
| 152939300 | Greater than 95% of the oxygen exchanged is bound to iron in hemoglobin. | True | |
| 152939301 | What is the name of the area from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles? | the conducting zone | |
| 152939302 | What is the actual site of gas exchange? | The alveoli | |
| 152939303 | What is the name of the surface through which gas is exchanged? | respiratory epithelium. It consists of alveolar epithelium, a basement membrane, and endothelium surface. | |
| 152939304 | Which law describes how gas moves in and out of solution? | Henry's Law. Henry's law describes diffusion of gas into and out of liquids. | |
| 152939305 | Which law states that gas pressure and volume are inversely related? | Boyle's Law | |
| 152939306 | What facilitates the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your tissues? | Pressure gradients | |
| 152939307 | At rest, when the diaphragm contracts, does the pressure in the thoracic cavity decrease or increase? | decrease. As the volume expands, the pressure decreases, and air rushes in to fill the void. | |
| 152939308 | Besides the partial pressure of a gas, what other factor determines the efficiency of gas exchange? | Gas solubility | |
| 153315218 | (AVR) Alveolar ventilation rate | Flow of gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time. | |
| 153315219 | (AVR) = freqeuncy X (TV - Dead Space) (ml/min.) (breaths/min) (ml/breath) | An index of effective ventilation is this formula | |
| 153824694 | The partial pressures of gases in the alveoli differ from those in the atmosphere BC of the combunation of these three factors: | 1.) Humidification of inhaled air. 2.) Gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. 3.) Mixing of old and new air. | |
| 153827914 | Ventilation-perfusion coupling: effect of (PO2) | Mechanisms which maintain the correct proportion between alveolar flow and pulmonary capillary flow, including constriction and dilation of arterioles and bronchioles. | |
| 153831244 | Internal respiration depends on: | 1.) Available surface area, which varies in different tissues. 2.) Partial pressure gradients. 3.) Rate of blood flow varies. (e.g. Metabolic rate of tissue) | |
| 153849353 | These conditions DECREASE HEMOGLOBIN'S affinity for oxygen (more oxygen is released to the tissues), releasing more oxygen to the active muscles. | 1.) Lowered PH 2.) Temperature rising 3.) Increase in PCO2 (Partial pressure carbon dioxide) 4.) increase in 2-3 Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) | |
| 153851567 | These conditions INCREASE HEMOGLOBIN'S affinity for oxygen (less oxygen is released to tissues), less active muscles. | 1.) Increase in PH 2.) Decrease PCO2 (Partial pressure carbon dioxide) 3.) decrease in 2-3 Biphosphglycerate (BPG) | |
| 153879627 | Bohr effect | As hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin, more oxgen is released to the tissues.The interaction between hydrogen ion binding and Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen (O2) . Decreased PH on Oxygen (O2) loading. (Tissues) | |
| 153879628 | Haldane effect | Oxygen (O2) loading facilitates carbon dioxide (CO2) unloading from hemoglobin. (Lungs) |
