mr.gary crane's ap world class GAC chapter 23 key terms
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| 19277855 | population revolution | huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization | |
| 19277856 | Protoindustrialization | preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial revolution | |
| 19277857 | american revolution | rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States | |
| 19277858 | French revolution | overthrow of the bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe | |
| 19277859 | Louis XVI | Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution | |
| 19277860 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | adopted during the French Revolution; proclaied the equality of French citizens; became a source document for the later liberal movements | |
| 19277861 | Guillotine | introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror | |
| 19277862 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Army officer who rose in rank during the wars o the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815 | |
| 19277863 | congress of vienna | met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power | |
| 19277864 | liberalism | political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people on government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments | |
| 19277865 | radicals | followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes | |
| 19277866 | socialism | political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class | |
| 19277867 | greek revolution | rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the turkish balkan empire | |
| 19277868 | french revolution of 1830 | second revolution agaisnt the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy | |
| 19277869 | belgian revolution of 1830 | produced belgian independence from the dutch; established a constitutional monarchy | |
| 19277870 | reform bill of 1832 | british legislattion that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class | |
| 19277871 | james watt | devised the first good steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the industrial revolution | |
| 19277872 | factory system | intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the industrial revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline | |
| 19277873 | luddites | Workers in britiain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the industrial revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker ned ludd | |
| 19277874 | chartist movement | unsuccessful attempt by british artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s | |
| 19277875 | french revolution of 1848 | overthrew the french monarch established in 1830; briefly established the second french republic | |
| 19277876 | revolutions of 1848 | the nationalist and liberal movements in italy, germany, austria-hungary; after temporary sucess they were suppressed | |
| 19277877 | louis pasteur | discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him | |
| 19277878 | benjamin disraeli | british politicianl; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform | |
| 19280444 | count camillo di cavour | architect of italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont; | |
| 19280445 | otto von bismarck | conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability | |
| 19280446 | american civil war (1861-1865) | fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the industrial revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the united states | |
| 19280447 | social question | issues relating to wokers and women in western europe during the industrial revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 | |
| 19280448 | karl marx | german socialist who saw history as a class struggle between grouops out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship | |
| 19280449 | revisionism | socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political instituions | |
| 19280450 | feminist movement | sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women | |
| 19280451 | mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later industrial revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports | |
| 19280452 | charles darwin | biologist who developed the theory of evolution species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival | |
| 19280453 | albert einstein | formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of eletrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity | |
| 19280454 | sigmund freud | viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued the behavior is detemined by impulses | |
| 19280455 | romanticism | 19th-century western european artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection | |
| 19280456 | triple alliance | alliance among Germany, Austria-hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the european balance of power system before World War I | |
| 19280457 | Triple Entente | agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the Euorpean balance of power system before World War I | |
| 19280458 | Balkan Nationalism | movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I | |
| 19280459 | industrial revolution | series of changes in economy of western nations between 1740 and the 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, comercial revolution in the 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production | |
| 19280460 | age of revolution | period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the american revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and the other movements for change up to 1848 | |
| 19280461 | conservative | political viewpoint with origins in western europe during the 19th century; oposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church | |
| 19280462 | imperialism | the policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest |
