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| 309555324 | Anti-semitism | after a period of ease in mid-19th century, this sentiment arose again in last 2 decades of the 19th century. Beginning in the 1870s, it attributed to the economic stagnation to Jewish bankers and financial interests. Erupted in Germany in the 1880s. | |
| 309555325 | Eduard Bernstein | A Social Democratic member of the Reichstag in the German Empire. Led Marxist revisionism in Germany. Said Marxist expectations were not occurring. Held that class conflict was not inevitable and social revolutionary change may occur through parliamentary methods with the new expansion of franchise to workers. Disapproved of labor unions. Was one of the main critics to orthodox Marxism. He did not see an inevitable destruction for capitalism, and believed that the achievement of socialism would come through capitalism, not through its destruction. | |
| 309555326 | Otto von Bismarck | brought universal male suffrage to German Empire in 1871. Believed socialism would undermine German politics and society. condemned the SPD. Had used assassination attempt on William I to get antisocialist laws passed. The measures surpressed organization, meetings, newspapers, and other public activities of this group. The repression had bad outcomes. So then, adopted welfare laws, including health insurance, accident insurance, and old age and disability pensions hoping to appease socialists this way. | |
| 309555327 | Bloody Sunday | troops of Nicholas II fire on a peaceful procession of workers at the Winter Palace who sought to present a petition for better working and living conditions. Tsar was not even present in St. Petersburg. This was a turning point in Russian history; Russians came to believe that they could no longer trust the tsar or his government. | |
| 309555328 | Bolsheviks | Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Made up the "majority" of the Russian Social Democratic Party. Wanted the Russian SDP to consist of elite professional revolutionaries who would provide centralized leadership for the working class. Under Lenin's leadership, they seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. | |
| 309555329 | Cholera | disease that struck all classes, not just the poor. Was thought to have been casued by "miasmas" in the air that could be detected by their foul odors, caused by filth. Government officials believed to only way to rid of these miasmas was to clean up cities. | |
| 309555330 | Duma | A revolt in 1905 persuaded Tsar Nicholas II to permit a parliament with a lower-house that had limited legislative powers. Though through establishing this, it seemed like the tsar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this group if they made any laws that he didn't like. Was progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II. Failed to forestall further revolution. | |
| 309555331 | Eiffel Tower (1889) | Was built originally as a temporary structure for the internal trade exposition of the year 1889. Became a symbol of the newly redesigned Paris, and its steel structure became a symbol of French industrial strength. Also symbolized the social and political divisions between liberals and conservatives in the Third Republic. | |
| 309555332 | Fabian Society | England's most influential socialist society. Favored cooperation with the trade unions and labor representatives in Parliament to bring about legislative change. Preferred to approach major social reform gradually. Many followers were civil servants who believed the programs of industry, the expansion of ownership, and the state direction of production could be solved gradually, democratically and peacefully. Their ultimate goal was to have crucial parts of the economy (heat, water) should be owned and regulated by the state ("gas-and-water socialism"). | |
| 309555333 | German Social Democratic Party | German party that worked to pass laws for improving conditons of the working class. Participated in the Reichstag. Bismark attempted to suppress this group. The repression backfired, seeming to bring more votes to this party. Were hostile in some sense to nonsocialist organizations, but regardless, functioned within German Empire's institutions by refusing to enter cabinet and not voting in favor of military budget. Worked for electoral gains, expansion of its membership, and short-term political and social reform. | |
| 309555334 | Baron Georges Haussman | Appointed by Napoleon III to oversee the urban reconstruction of Paris. The construction of the sewer system was a famous part of his project. | |
| 309555335 | International Working Men's Association (First International) | Consisted of socialists, anarchists, and Polish nationalists. Founded by British and French trade unionists. Disbanded because of pressures from French authorities. Had organized and gathered statistics, kept labor unions, informed others of mutual problems, provided a form to debate socialist doctrine, and had proclaimed its influence over current events. From this group's efforts, Marxism became the most important kind of socialism. | |
| 309555336 | Karl Kautsky | Led the Efurt Program in Germany. Argued that because capitalism must collapse, the immediate task for socialist would be to improve workers' lives rather than to work for revolution, which would be inevitable anyway. | |
| 309555337 | Robert Koch | proved bacterial theory of disease; German scientist. | |
| 309555338 | Kulaks | Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class. | |
| 309555339 | Ferdinand Lasalle | founded the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), because he wanted workers to participate in politics. | |
| 309555340 | Joseph Lister | proved bacterial theory of disease; British scientist. | |
| 309555341 | Karl Marx (Marxism) | Approved workers and trade unions' efforts to reform the conditions of labor within the existing political and economic processes. However, in his private writings, he criticized reformist activity. From the activity of the First international, his socialism became the most important type of socialism. | |
| 309555342 | Mensheviks | minority fraction of the Russian Social Democratic Party. Wanted a party with a mass membership which would function democratically, unlike its other fraction that wanted the SDP to consist of elite professional revolutonaries. | |
| 309555343 | Napoleon III | was determined to redesign Paris. Appointed Baron Georges Haussmann for this task. | |
| 309555344 | Nicholas II | Was later forced to issue the October Manifesto after the Russian Revolution of 1905 following Bloody Sunday. | |
| 309555345 | October Manifesto (1905) | Issued by Nicholas II, it promised Russia a constitutional government. Created the Duma, a legislative body. | |
| 309555346 | Louis Pasteur | proved bacterial theory of disease; French scientist. | |
| 309555347 | Petite Bourgeoisie (lower middle class) | aka "white-collared workers" in Britain. Included secretaries, retail clerks, and lower-level bureaucrats in business and government. | |
| 309555348 | Pogram | organized riots against Jewish neighborhoods and villages. Russian state allowed police and right-wing nationalist groups to conduct these. | |
| 309555349 | Revisionism | Bernstein's doctrines that counteracted Orthodox Marxist expectations. Believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions, such as Parliament, instead of through revolution with the new extension of franchise to workers. Critics criticized this method, claiming that in liberal Britain, something like this would work, but not in Germany. | |
| 309555350 | Russian Revolution of 1905 | Imperialist ambitions brought defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905 and political upheaval at home. The Bloody Sunday massacre, when the tsar's troops fired on a crowd of protesting workers, produced a wave of indignation. By the summer of 1905, strikes, uprisings, revolts, and mutinies were sweeping the country. This revolutionary movement forced Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto, which granted full civil liberties and promised a popularly elected parliament (Duma). | |
| 309555351 | Second Industrial Revolution | The emergence of new industries during the 3rd quarter of the 19th century associated with the new introduction of steel, chemicals, and oil. | |
| 309555352 | Soviets | local councils consisting of workers, peasants and soldiers. Took control of St. Petersburg when strikes broke out in October 1905 after Bloody Sunday. | |
| 309555353 | Suburbs | Their development resulted from high land and rent values, the middle class's desire for less urban congestion and the working class's desire for affordable housing. Housed families whose earners worked in the central city or in the factory located within city limits. Often consisted of apartment buildings and private houses built closely together with small gardens. | |
| 309555354 | Suffragettes | Group of women in England in second half of 19th century who were seeking vote for women. Followers of British Feminist Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia. Resorted to amazingly unEnglish behavior: chained themselves to railings, public buildings, smashed store windows, broke porcelains. When imprisoned, they went on hunger strikes. Also wanted educational, professional, legal and occupational equality with men. | |
| 309555355 | Vladimir Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) | Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. Criticized the German SPD. Rejected Kautsky's view that revolution was inevitable and Bernstein's view that democratic means could achieve revolutionary goals. Substituted the small, professional, nondemocratic revolutionary party for Marx's proletariat group as the chief instrument of revolutionary change. Urged the peasants and workers to work together for social revolution, because he believed the government would not be able to suppress such an alliance. | |
| 309555356 | Unemployment | this term was coined during the last quarter of the 19th century | |
| 309555357 | "What Is to Be Done?" (1902) | Book written by Lenin that condemned any accommodation, such as those the German SPD practiced. Criticized trade unionism that settled for short term reformist gains, rather than working for true revolutionary change for the working class. Rejected the concept of a democratic party composed of workers. Believed revolutionary consciousness would not arise within workers by itself, but had to be brought on by others. | |
| 309555358 | Sergei Witte | Led Russian into the industrial age. Was finance minister. Pursued a policy of planned economic development by issuing protective tariffs, high taxes, and putting Russia's currency on the gold standard. He helped to build the railroad systems which linked the far flung regions of the Russian empire and also stimulated industry. He remodeled the state bank and encouraged the establishment of savings banks. Also established a financial relationship with the French money market, allowing Russia to finance its modernization program with French loans. Favored heavy industries. | |
| 309555359 | Zemstvos | participated in the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) of Russia. Modeled themselves on the liberal parties of Western Europe and wanted a constitutional monarchy under a parliamentary regime with civil liberties and economic progress. | |
| 310588776 | Europe | All of the following were major developments in _________ between 1860 and 1914: 1. socialism became a major political force 2. increasing numbers of white-collar workers appeared 3. the labor force became organized into unions 4. urban life came to dominate society | |
| 310588777 | migration | The Great European ____________ of the 19th century was caused by all of the following: 1. population pressure 2. desire of political and social rights 3. lack of employment | |
| 310588778 | landowners, craftsmen | Most people who left Europe were small __________ and village ___________. | |
| 310588779 | Italy | In the 19th century, two out of three migrants to Argentina and Brazil came from ________. | |
| 310588780 | Jews | _______ were the least likely to return to Europe. | |
| 310588781 | 50, 3 | Between 1846 - 1932, more than ____ million Europeans left their homelands. In approximately the same time period, __ million Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Indians and Filipinos) moved abroad. | |
| 310588782 | Second Industrial Revolution | The ____________________ is associated with the following: 1. steel 2. chemicals 3. electricity 4. oil | |
| 310588783 | Electricity | ________________ made all of the following possible: 1. telephone 2. incandescent bulb 3. telegraph 4. refrigerator | |
| 310588784 | Germany | ___________ began to overtake Britain as the industrial leader of Europe for all of the following reasons: 1. Industrialists were more entrepreneurial. 2. German banks were ready to take greater risks 3. Better scientific and technical schools 4. Formation of large cartels | |
| 310588785 | foreign oil | By the late 19th century, Europe was dependent on __________. | |
| 310588786 | importing | By 1900, Europeans were ______________ all of the following: 1. wool from Australia 2. beef from Argentina 3. nitrates from Chile 4. sugar from the West Indies | |
| 310588787 | middle class | In 19th century Britain, the following were considered ____________: 1. factory owners 2. lawyers 3. shopkeepers 4. physicians | |
| 310588788 | lower middle class | The following were considered ________ class: 1. telephone operators 2. bookkeeper 3. bank teller 4. sales clerk | |
| 310588789 | suburbs | The development of __________ was a response to: 1. the reorganization of cities for business and government purposes 2. increasing congestion of urban areas 3. improved railway systems connecting city to suburbs 4. the clearing of slums | |
| 310588790 | home, family | The typical 19th century middle-class woman enjoyed a great deal of domestic luxury but her life was centered on _______ and ________. | |
| 310588791 | economic | The number one cause of urban migration was because of __________ reasons. | |
| 310588792 | women | There were two major developments that impacted the lives of _________ during the Second Industrial Revolution: 1. a large expansion in the variety of jobs available to women. 2. the withdrawal of many married women from the workforce. | |
| 310588793 | unmarried, young | The new service work force of the late 19th century was made up largely of ___________ and __________ women. | |
| 310588794 | Russia | The worst persecution of Jews in the late 18th and early 19th centuries took place in _______. Jews: 1. were treated as aliens 2. could not live in certain areas. 3. had to have internal passport to move around the country. 4. were subjected to pograms conducted by police and right-wing nationalists. | |
| 310588795 | socialists | The French Congress would not allow the act of _______ to be in the cabinet (opportunism) and required they form a single party after the admission of socialist Alexander Millerand. Their leader, Jean Jaures, wanted them to cooperate with the middle class Radical ministries to ensure social change. | |
| 310588796 | Germany | The first major industrial nation to enjoy the welfare program was _________. |
