Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Flashcards

The European reconnaissance of the world's oceans, trade and conflict in early modern Asia, and global exchanges.

1205285466	Motives for exploration	Gold, God, and Glory	0
1205285467	________-poor Portugal	Resource	1
1205285468	Portugal searched for	Fresh Resources	2
1205285469	From the _____ to the _____ century they ventured out to the Atlantic	13th, 15th	3
1205285470	Established _____ __________ in the Atlantic islands	sugar plantations	4
1205285471	Motives for trade without Muslims	Asian spice trade; African gold, ivory, and slaves	5
1205285472	______ __________ urged Christians to spread the faith throughout the world	New Testament	6
1205285473	European Christians fought in _________ and holy wars against the Muslims in early centuries	crusades	7
1205285474	__________ ___ _______ inspired Iberian crusaders	Reconquista of Spain	8
1205285475	Various motives combined and _________ each other	reinforced	9
1205285476	The ___________ of exploration enabled European mariners to travel offshore	technology	10
1205285477	__________ _____ and two types of sails enabled ships to advance against wind	sternpost rudder	11
1205285478	Navigational instruments	magnetic compass, astrolabe	12
1205285479	___________ enabled Europeans to travel reliably	knowledge of winds and currents	13
1205285480	_____ _____ north and south of the Equator	trade winds	14
1205285481	Regular ______ in Indian Ocean basin	monsoons	15
1205285482	"Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.	volta do mar	16
1205285483	_______ ______, king of Portugal, encouraged exploration of west Africa	Dom Henrique	17
1205285484	Portuguese conquered ______ in north Africa in 1415	Ceulta	18
1205285485	Portuguese established _______ ______ at Sao Jorge de Mina, west Africa	trading posts	19
1205285486	Dias rounded the __________ and entered the Indian Ocean, 1488	Cape of Good Hope	20
1205285487	Crossed Indian Ocean; reached India, 1497; brought back huge profit	Vasco da Gama of Portugal	21
1205285488	Portuguese merchants built a trading post at _______, 1500	Calicut	22
1205285489	Proposed sailing to Asian markets by a western route	Christopher Columbus	23
1205285490	Columbus was sponsored by Catholic kings of _____	Spain	24
1205285491	Columbus sailed to the ________, 1492	Bahamas	25
1205285492	Columbus's voyage enabled other mariners to link _____________	east and west hemispheres	26
1205285493	Portuguese mariner, in service of Spain; crossed both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 1519-1522	Ferdinand Magellan	27
1205285494	_____ ship(s) out of five completed the circumnavigation of the world	one	28
1205285495	Magellan died in conflict in a ______ on the way home	Philippine island	29
1205285496	Exploration of the Pacific took ______ centuries to complete	three	30
1205285497	Trade route between the ______ and ______, by Spanish merchants	Philippines, Mexico	31
1205285498	English mariners searched for a ________ from Europe to Asia	northwest	32
1205285499	British explorer; led three expeditions to the Pacific, the Arctic, Australia	Captain James Cook	33
1205285500	Captain Cook died in _______	Hawaii	34
1205285501	By the late ________ century, Europeans had reasonably accurate geographical knowledge of the world	eighteenth	35
1205285502	Portuguese built more than fifty trading posts between _________	west Africa and east Africa	36
1205285503	Sixteenth-century Portuguese commander in Indian Ocean	Alfonso d'Albuquerque	37
1205285504	d'Albuquerque seized _______ in 1508, ____ in 1510, and _______ in 1511	Hormuz, Goa, Melaka	38
1205285505	d'Albuquerque forced all merchant ships to purchase _________	safe-conduct passes	39
1205285506	Portuguese ________ grew weak by the late sixteenth century	hegemony	40
1205285507	______ and _______ established parallel trading posts in Asian coasts	English, Dutch	41
1205285508	English established trading post in	India	42
1205285509	Dutch established trading posts ________ and _______	Cape Town, Indonesia	43
1205285510	English and Dutch sailed _______ and ______ and more _______ ships than Portuguese	faster, cheaper, powerful	44
1205285511	English and Dutch created efficient commercial organization - __________	the joint-stock company	45
1205285512	English founded the ____________ in 1600	English East India Company	46
1205285513	Dutch founded the __________ (VOC) in 1602	United East India Company	47
1205285514	Both East India companies were private ________, but enjoyed government _________, little oversight	enterprises, support	48
1205285515	________ conquest of the Philippines led by ________ in 1565	Spanish, Legazpi	49
1205285516	Spanish and Filipino residents massacred _________ by thousands	Chinese merchants	50
1205285517	________, the bustling port city, became the Spanish capital	Manila	51
1205285518	_______ throughout the archipelago of the Philippines	Christianity	52
1205285519	________ resistance to Christianity on southern Philippine island of Mindanao	Muslim	53
1205285520	Conquest of ______ by the Dutch in south-east Asia	Java	54
1205285521	Conquest of Java began with the VOC trading city of _______ in 1619	Batavia	55
1205285522	Batavia secured a VOC monopoly over _______ production and trade	spice	56
1205285523	Enormous monopoly of spice led to prosperity of _______, seventeenth century	Netherlands	57
1205285524	______ forces expelled most Portuguese merchants from SE Asia	Dutch	58
1205285525	Conflict between English and French merchants over control of _________ from Ceylon, early eighteenth century	Indian cotton and tea	59
1205285526	Competition in the Americas among _________ forces	English, French, and Spanish	60
1205285527	British and Prussia against France, Austria, and Russia	Seven Years' War in Europe	61
1205285528	Fighting between British and French forces, each with local allies	Seven Years' War in India	62
1205285529	Spanish and French united to limit British expansion	Seven Years' War in the Caribbean	63
1205285530	Fights between British and French forces	Seven Years' War in North America	64
1205285531	Outcome of the Seven Years' War	British hegemony	65
1205285532	British gained control of ___________	India, Canada, Florida	66
1205285533	Prussian armies held off massive armies of the _________	British	67
1205285534	____ paved the way for the British empire in the nineteenth century	war	68
1205285535	Biological exchanges between Old and New Worlds	The Columbian Exchange	69
1205285536	global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens after Columbus's voyages	The Columbian Exchange	70
1205285537	The Columbian Exchange ________ altered the earth's environment	permanently	71
1205285538	smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza	diseases that led to staggering population losses	72
1205285539	_______ reduced Aztec population by 95 percent in one century after 1519	smallpox	73
1205285540	Between 1500 and 1800, ___________ people died of imported diseases	one hundred million	74
1205285541	wheat, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens	plants and animals that went to the Americas	75
1205285542	maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts	plants that came from the Americas	76
1205285543	425 million in 1500 to 900 million in 1800	growth of world populations	77
1205285544	__________ were the largest groups of migrants from 1500 to 1800	enslaved Africans	78
1205285545	In the nineteenth century, ________ migration to South Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands	European	79
1205285546	sleek, fast, heavily armed ships that sailed between Manila and Mexico	the Manila galleons	80

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Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Flashcards

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