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| 754525533 | Leland Stanford | One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California. | 0 | |
| 754525534 | Collis P.Huntington | One of the Big Four with Leland Stanford, he was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News Shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States. | 1 | |
| 754525535 | James J. Hill | driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder", railroad entrepreneur who built and operated the Great Northern Railroad from St. Paul, Minnesota to Everett, Washington; without any federal grants or subsidies, the Great Northern Railroad made money by shipping goods to Asia, GNR became the most successful transcontinental railroad and the only one that wasn't eventually forced into bankruptcy | 2 | |
| 754525536 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. | 3 | |
| 754525537 | Richard Olney | Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike. | 4 | |
| 754525538 | Jay Gould | United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) | 5 | |
| 754525539 | Alexander Graham Bell | United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | 6 | |
| 754525540 | Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. | 7 | |
| 754525541 | Andrew Carnegie | United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919), Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" | 8 | |
| 754525542 | John D. Rockefeller | Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy., Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history | 9 | |
| 754525543 | J. Pierpont Morgan | an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric., He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation. | 10 | |
| 754525544 | Terence Powderly | led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor | 11 | |
| 754525545 | John P. Altgeld | Was the governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1893 until 1897. He was the first Democratic governor of that state since the 1850s. A leading figure of the Progressive Era movement, he improved workplace safety and child labor laws, pardoned three of the men convicted of the Haymarket Riot, and, for a time, resisted calls to break up the Pullman strike with force. | 12 | |
| 754525546 | Samuel Gompers | United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924) | 13 | |
| 754525547 | Philip Armour | Pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat., forme the Armour and company which the worlds largets food and chemical manufacturing company in the country. he also established the largest privated refrigerator car fleet. He pioneered the principles of large sclae reorganization an the refrigeration industry | 14 | |
| 754525548 | William Graham Sumner | He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor. | 15 | |
| 754525549 | Russell Conwell | He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He helped the justification of the rich and the need to not help the poor in his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture. | 16 | |
| 754525550 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715) | 17 | |
| 754525551 | Henry W. Grady | Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world. | 18 | |
| 754525552 | Herbert Spencer | English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) | 19 | |
| 754525553 | Charles Dana Gibson | United States illustrator remembered for his creation of the 'Gibson girl' (1867-1944) | 20 | |
| 754525554 | James Buchanan Duke | the man who cornered the cigarette industry through the American Tobacco Company. Later Trinity College in North Carolina changed its name to honor him | 21 | |
| 754525555 | Land Grant | a grant of public land (as to a railway or college) | 22 | |
| 754525556 | Track Gauge | helped improve the railroad system and proved to be a significant boon to the railroads; was a standard gauge of track width and came into wide use during the postwar years; not having this widely harmed the South in transporting goods during the CIvil war; this eliminated the expense and inconvenience of numerous changes from one line to another | 23 | |
| 754525557 | Standard Time Zones | one of the 24 regions of the earth in which noon is set as the time when the sun is highest over the center of the region., areas roughly defined by twenty-four 15° sections of longitude, each centered on a time meridian that establishes the hour of the day | 24 | |
| 754525558 | Stock Watering | Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back. | 25 | |
| 754525559 | Pool | any communal combination of funds | 26 | |
| 754525560 | Rebate | a refund of some fraction of the amount paid | 27 | |
| 754525561 | Vertical Integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution | 28 | |
| 754525562 | Horizontal Integration | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level, Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller | 29 | |
| 754525563 | Trust | extend credit to | 30 | |
| 754525564 | Interlocking Directorate | situation occurring when the majority of members of the boards of directors of competing corporations are the same; in effect, having one group of people manage both companies | 31 | |
| 754525565 | Captial Goods | Machines, buildings, and tools used in making automobiles are examples of capital goods. | 32 | |
| 754525566 | Consumer Goods | goods (as food or clothing) intended for direct use or consumption, products and services that satisfy human wants directly | 33 | |
| 754525567 | Plutocracy | a political system governed by the wealthy people | 34 | |
| 754525568 | Injunction | (law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity | 35 | |
| 754525569 | Trust-Busting | (law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws) | 36 | |
| 754525570 | Company Town | a town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company. | 37 | |
| 754525571 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | 38 | |
| 754525572 | "Survival of the Fittest" | a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment | 39 | |
| 754525573 | "Pittsburgh Plus" Pricing | The Pittsburgh Plus Pricing System was designed by steel lords (like Carnegie and Morgan) in the North to keep the South at an economic disadvantage in the steel industry. The southern coal and iron ore deposits were close to where it could be processed, which would give the South an advantage since they would have to pay less money for shipping. The steel lords put pressure on the railroads to charge the goods with a fictional fee as if they had been shipped from pittsburgh. It was also, in an indirect way, punishment of the South during the reconstruction after the Civil War. | 40 | |
| 754525574 | Gibson Girl | magazine image that showed the new image that meant woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by charles dana gibson | 41 | |
| 754525575 | Scabs | Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike | 42 | |
| 754525576 | Lockout | When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached | 43 | |
| 754525577 | Yellow Dog Contract | an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development. | 44 | |
| 754525578 | Blacklist | put on a blacklist so as to banish or cause to be boycotted | 45 | |
| 754525579 | Nonproducers | liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers; cooperatives (to pool their money and resources), better working conditions, and the 8 hour workday; | 46 | |
| 754525580 | Anarchists | people who oppose organized government | 47 | |
| 754525581 | Socialism | a political theory advocating state ownership of industry, A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. | 48 | |
| 754525582 | Pure and Simple Unionism | purposed by Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL; he proposed that argued that "the trade unions pure and simple are the natural organizations of the wage workers to secure their present and practical improvement and to achieve their final emancipation.", Pure- just for workers simple-goals: wages, hours, and working conditions focuses on workplace | 49 | |
| 754525583 | Craft Union | a labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft | 50 | |
| 754525584 | Closed Shop | A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor. | 51 | |
| 754525585 | Union Pacific Railroad | A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah, (USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants | 52 | |
| 754525586 | Central Pacific Railroad | (USG), A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants | 53 | |
| 754525587 | Great Northern Railroad | The Great Northern's route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the United States and was north of the Northern Pacific Railway route. The Great Northern was a privately funded transcontinental railroad | 54 | |
| 754525588 | New York Central Railroad | Ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4,500 miles of track. | 55 | |
| 754525589 | Credit Mobilier | a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. | 56 | |
| 754525590 | Pullman Palace Cars | introduced in the 1860s these were billed as "gorgeous traveling hotels" by some. Others called them "wheeled torture chambers" and potential funeral pyres | 57 | |
| 754525591 | Grange | an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies, Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century. | 58 | |
| 754525592 | Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois | 1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. | 59 | |
| 754525593 | Mesabi Range | a range of hills in northeastern Minnesota where rich iron ore deposits were discovered in 1887 | 60 | |
| 754525594 | Standard Oil Company | Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. | 61 | |
| 754525595 | Bessemer Process | A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. | 62 | |
| 754525596 | United States Steel | Created by J.P. Morgan from Carnegie's holdings; became the first billion dollar corporation, J. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 (incorporated on February 25) by combining the Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation. | 63 | |
| 754525597 | Gospel of Wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | 64 | |
| 754525598 | "Acres of Diamonds" | This was a lecture written by Russell Conwell that advocated Social Darwinism It justified the rich being rich and the poor being poor and, it called people not to help the poor since it was their fault, thus promoting a laissez faire ideal. | 65 | |
| 754525599 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions | 66 | |
| 754525600 | American Tobacco Company | Controlled nine-tenths of the nation's cigarette production in 1890 and about three-fourths of all tobacco production in 1904; broken up in 1911 for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. | 67 | |
| 754525601 | New South | The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy, Term that identified southern promoters' belief in the technologically advanced industrial South | 68 | |
| 754525602 | Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices, prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line | 69 | |
| 754525603 | National Labor Union | 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers | 70 | |
| 754525604 | Knights of Labor | 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed, one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories | 71 | |
| 754525605 | Haymarket Square | Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police. It is still unknown today who set off the bomb, but following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed. | 72 | |
| 754525606 | American Federation of Labor | a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955 | 73 |
