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| 13764714798 | What is the hypothesis about chemical and physical formation of first ever cells? | 1) abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules 2) those molecules formed macromolecules 3) macromolecules were packed into protocells 4) the origin of self-replicating molecules | 0 | |
| 13764740567 | When did the planet form? | 4.6 billion years ago | 1 | |
| 13764748381 | Describe the first atmosphere | little oxygen, a lot of water vapor, chemicals released from volcanos (O2, CO2, NH4, H) | 2 | |
| 13764764858 | How did oceans and lakes form in the early history of earth? | As earth cooled, the heavy amount of water vapor condensed to form oceans and lakes | 3 | |
| 13764789829 | Hydrothermal vents | spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from earth's interior into the water | 4 | |
| 13764794579 | Alkaline vents | deep sea vents that release water that has a high pH (9-11) and is warm (40-90ºC) rather than hot | 5 | |
| 13764808777 | How do vesicles exhibit properties of life? | these fluid filled compartments form spontaneously and have selective semipermeable membranes | 6 | |
| 13764823836 | Ribozymes | enzyme-like RNA catalysts | 7 | |
| 13764836167 | What is meant by "RNA World"? | RNA most likely came before DNA RNA is less fragile than DNA and its bonds are stronger and can be replicated more accurately making it more fit for the harsh conditions of early earth | 8 | |
| 13764864276 | Strata | layers of sedimentary rock | 9 | |
| 13764864277 | Radiometric dating | the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products - expressed by half life | 10 | |
| 13764876461 | Half-life | length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is not affected bu temperature, pressure, or other environmental variables | 11 | |
| 13764895572 | What does Carbon-14 in an organism's dead body slowly decay into? | Nitrogen-14 | 12 | |
| 13764905434 | Stromatolites | layered rocket that form when prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together because prokaryotes came first | 13 | |
| 13764923505 | Where did most of the atmospheric O2 come from? What did this result in? | photosynthetic prokaryotes released O2 it dissolved in water to react with iron forming rust and sediments making rocks | 14 | |
| 13764943484 | Oxygen revolution | intense increase in atmospheric O2 that killed many prokaryotes | 15 | |
| 13764973280 | THE Geologic Record | The division of Earth's history into time periods, grouped into three eons—Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic—and further subdivided into eras, periods, and epochs. |  | 16 |
| 13765052740 | Endosymbiosis | prokaryotic cell engulfed a small cell that would evolve into the mitochondrion (the cell engulfed is the endosymbiont) how eukaryotes became | 17 | |
| 13765074567 | Serial endosymbiosis theory. What is evidence supporting it? | theory that mitochondria and plastids originated this way inside what became single organisms of which are thought to have been archaens 1) inner membranes of both organelles are similar to plasma membranes of living bacteria 2) DNA structure and cell division are similar to bacteria 3) both organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA 4) ribosomes are more similar to bacterial than to eukaryotic ribosomes | 18 | |
| 13765105970 | What were the first eukaryotes? | Archaebacteria | 19 | |
| 13765206356 | Describe Cambrian explosion | sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla (however, cnidaria, sponges, and mollusks existed before this) first evidence of predator vs. prey had long fuse | 20 | |
| 13765248519 | When did plants and animals begin to adapt to move from ocean to land? | about 500 million years ago | 21 | |
| 13765257930 | What are the most widespread and diverse land animals? | arthropods and tetrapods | 22 | |
| 13765267328 | How long ago did the human lineage evolve? | 6-7 million years ago | 23 | |
| 13765284616 | Over the last billion years, landmasses of earth have formed a super continent multiple times. When were those instances? | 1 billion, 600 million, and 250 million years ago (Pangaea) | 24 | |
| 13765295350 | Plate tectonics theory | the continents are part of great plates of Earth's crust that essentially float on the hot, underlying portion of the mantle | 25 | |
| 13765316096 | When is the next super continent supposed to form? | 250 million years from now | 26 | |
| 13765331618 | What are the effect of Pangaea - the supercontinent that formed 250 million years ago? | deepening of ocean basins reduction in shallow-water habitat colder and drier climate inland | 27 | |
| 13765352032 | True or False: Continental drift prevents allopatric speciation | FALSE: Continental drift promotes allopatric speciation and can justify the distribution os fossils and living groups | 28 | |
| 13765380664 | In each of the FIVE mass extinctions, ___% or more of marine life have vanished | 50% or more | 29 | |
| 13765414619 | What happened in the Permian extinction and what caused it? | in less than 500,000 years, 96% of marine animal species died causes: 1) volcanos in Siberia 2) global warming and ocean acidification from volcano CO2 dissolving 3) anoxic (oxygen-lacking) conditions from bacteria releasing phosphorus and nutrients | 30 | |
| 13765465185 | What happened in the Cretaceous extinction and what caused it? | took over 50% of sea life, many terrestrial plants and animals, and all of dinosaurs (except birds) causes: 1) presence of iridium in sedimentary rock from that time suggests meteorite impact 2) dust clouds from impact blocked the sun 3) the Chicxulub crater off the coast of Mexico is evidence of mass meteorite collision | 31 | |
| 13765520580 | About how long does it take for diversity to recover following a mass extinction? | 5-10 million years | 32 | |
| 13765525839 | adaptive radiation | An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species which follows mass extinction, evolution of novel characteristics, and the colonization of new regions | 33 | |
| 13765575475 | Heterchrony | an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events | 34 | |
| 13765586525 | What are contrasting shapes of human and chimp skulls the results of? | relative growth rate | 35 | |
| 13765600439 | Are chimp and human skulls more similar at birth or older age? | at birth | 36 | |
| 13765606328 | Paedomorphosis | The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors the rate of reproductive development accelerates compared with somatic development | 37 | |
| 13765683598 | What do homeotic genes determine? | where wings and legs are on the body plan | 38 | |
| 13765793420 | Hox genes | homeotic genes that provide positional information during animal embryonic development (head-to-tail axis) | 39 | |
| 13765810212 | What do changes in the Ubx gene result in? | turns off let development | 40 | |
| 13765837225 | Are changes in the regulation of development genes or changes to the sequence of genes more harmful? | changes to the sequence of genes are more harmful | 41 | |
| 13765888655 | What have complex eyes evolved from? | photosynthetic cells (like simple limpets) | 42 | |
| 13765927630 | Exaptions | structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function they do NOT evolve in anticipation of future use | 43 |
