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| 54617751 | Toussaint Louverture | was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | 0 | |
| 54617752 | Mask of Ferdinand | Term given to movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the displaced Bourbon king of Spain, Ferdinand VII; actually Creole movements for independence. | 1 | |
| 54617753 | Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed. | 2 | |
| 54617754 | Augustine de Iturbide | Mexican army general who ended the Mexican war of Independence. Instated the Treaty of Cordoba which rid of monarchy, emphasized church and equality. | 3 | |
| 54617755 | Simon Bolivar | 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. | 4 | |
| 54617756 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 5 | |
| 54617757 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru | 6 | |
| 54617758 | Joao VI | portuguese monarch who established seat of government in brazil from 1808-1820 as a result of napoleonic invasion of iberian peninsula; made brazil seat of empire with capital at rio de janeiro. | 7 | |
| 54617759 | Pedro I | son and successor of Joao VI in brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor | 8 | |
| 54617760 | Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia | (c.1450-1517). The outstanding Bolognese painter of his period. He originally trained as a goldsmith and had several other skills, being recorded as a sculptor, miniaturist, and engraver of nielli. However, from about 1485 he worked mainly as a painter, principally of altarpieces for churches in Bologna and neighbouring towns and of small devotional works; he was also an accomplished portraitist. His softly rounded style was strongly influenced by Perugino. According to Vasari, Francia died of 'grief' after seeing Raphael's St Cecilia (c.1515 Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna), which made his own paintings look hopelessly old-fashioned. There are several examples of his work in the National Gallery, London | 9 | |
| 54617761 | Andres de Santa Cruz | president of bolivia | 10 | |
| 54617762 | Caudillos | independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of latin america. | 11 | |
| 54617763 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. | 12 | |
| 54617764 | Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. | 13 | |
| 54617765 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | 14 | |
| 54617766 | Guano | a natural manure composed chiefly of the excrement of sea birds, found especially on islands near the Peruvian coast; bird lime | 15 | |
| 54617767 | Positivism | A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America. (616) | 16 | |
| 54617768 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana | The Mexican general at the Alamo; mexicos political leader who influenced early mexican and spanish politics; mexicos president for 22 non-consecutive years ; wrote to mexico city to denounce his presidency and focus on his military experience and fight foreign invasions of mexico | 17 | |
| 54617769 | Manifest Destiny | This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. | 18 | |
| 54617770 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | brought an official end to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was signed on February 2, 1848, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city north of the capital where the Mexican government had fled with the advance of U.S. forces | 19 | |
| 54617771 | Benito Juarez | The liberal reformer who strongly influenced Mexican politics. He was elected president in 1861 and 1867. | 20 | |
| 54617772 | La Reforma | 1855, Benito Juarez and other liberals open an era; offered hope to oppressed people of Mexico, revised the Mexican constitution to strip military power and end Church privileges; unleashed a civil war, but was still elected president in 1861; What was the era he began called? | 21 | |
| 54617773 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867. | 22 | |
| 54617774 | Gauchos | Bands of mounted rural workers in the region of the Rio de la Plata; aided local caudillos in splitting apart the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata after 1816. | 23 | |
| 54617775 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1813; commanded loyality of gauchos; restored local autonomy | 24 | |
| 54617776 | Argentine Republic | replaced state of buenos aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists. | 25 | |
| 54617777 | Domingo F Sarmiento | Was one of Argentina's leaders who tried to imitate Europe. Encouraged Europeans to come to the country and made it look like Europe as well. | 26 | |
| 54617778 | Fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. | 27 | |
| 54617779 | Modernization Theory | a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations | 28 | |
| 54617780 | Dependency Theory | A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop. | 29 | |
| 54617781 | Porfirio Diaz | a dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants | 30 | |
| 54617782 | Cientificos | Advisors of government of Porfirio D who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican government to project image of moderization | 31 | |
| 54617783 | Spanish American War | In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence | 32 | |
| 54617784 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746) | 33 |
