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| 146227356 | Louis Naploen | Suceeded in economic reform in France, eventually becoming emperor. He was popular among the people and worked for them diligently, even as it meant giving up power to the Assembly. | |
| 146227357 | Venetia and Lombardy | Italian states controlled by Metternich's Austria | |
| 146227358 | Guiseppe Mazzini | Idealistic patriot who preached a centralized democratic rebuplic based on universal sufferage and the will of the people. Ideas later smashed by Austria | |
| 146227359 | Vincenso Gioberti | a Catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presideny of a progressive Pope. | |
| 146227360 | Sardinia | A liberal, progressive state that other Italian states looked up to. | |
| 146227361 | Pius IX | A pope who people originaly looked up to but then rationalism, socialism, seperation of church and state and religious liberty. | |
| 146227362 | Count Camillo Benso di Cavour | a dominant figure in Sardinian government who supported an alliance between the aristocracy and the middle class. He made a fortune in industrialization before begining in politics. He supported a unified Northern Italy. Goading Austria into attacking Cavour lost when allied France changed sides and supported Austria. | |
| 146227363 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Led a violent revolution to free Italy from monarchy and the Pope. | |
| 146227364 | Red Shirts | Group of guerilla soldiers who marched Rome to free Italy from oppression. They were led by Guiseppe Garibaldi and sucessfully stopped by Cavour. | |
| 146227365 | Zollverein | German customs union that included all German states except Austria. | |
| 146227366 | Otto von Bismarck | a political leader who led Prussia to unite Germany and made it the foremost European nation within a decade. After successful wars he attempted to creat an alliance system. Passed the first social security laws, accident insurance, | |
| 146227367 | Danish War | Denmark tried to claim Schleswig-Holstein and wound up at war with most German States. | |
| 146227368 | Austro-Prussian War | Decisive seven week war between Austria and Prussia in which Prussia crushed Austria troops using railways and needleguns. After the war Bismark allowed them easy peace terms which won Prussia some support from Austria in later wars. Venetia was ceded to Italy. | |
| 146227369 | Franco-Prussian War | 1870-1871 Bismarck began this war to get the southern German states to join Germany. Prussia won easily in the battle of Sedan. Napoloen was captured. In the Hall of Mirrors William I was proclaimed Emperor of Germany. | |
| 146227370 | North German Confederation | Confederation of German states excluding Austria which Bismarck created after the Austro-Prussian War. Each state had a local government but William I and Bismarck made up the federal government and the legislative government was made up of two houses that shared equality in making laws. With this Bismarck made peace with Parliament | |
| 146247564 | Homestead Act of 1862 | gave western land to settlers in the United States | |
| 146247565 | Thirteenth Amendment of 1865 | ended slavery in the United States | |
| 146247566 | Crimean War | War over dispute between Russia and France over who should protect the Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire. Russia was thuroughly defeated due to its lack of modernization. | |
| 146247567 | Tsar Alexander II | Tsar during the Crimean War. Preached reform from above. Assasinated by terrorists. | |
| 146247568 | Sergei Witte | 1892-1903 Russia's minister of finance who was inspired by Fredrich List. Believed that Russia's backwardness was threatening Russia's greatness and power. State owned railways grew rapidly. High protective tariffs. Gold standards of civilized war. Encouraged Westerners to come and industrialize Russia. | |
| 146247569 | zemstvo | new institutional of local government, elected by a system of towns, peasant villlages and noble landowners. | |
| 146247570 | Great Reform | establishment of the zemstvo in Russia | |
| 146247571 | Great Reform | reformed legal system (independant courts and equality before the law) in Rusia | |
| 146247572 | Great Reform | relaxed censorship in Russia | |
| 146247573 | Great Reform | relaxed policies and education laws towards Jews in Russia | |
| 146247574 | Revolution of 1905 | People wanted to match economic progress with political progress. Nationalism, workers, peasants and the army away in Machuria. Began with Bloody Sunday. Ended with the October Manifesto | |
| 146247575 | Russo-Japanese War | February 1904 War between newly open Japan and Russia in which Russia lost due to a lack of railways and outdated guns. Caused the Revolution of 1905 | |
| 146247576 | October Manifesto | granted fill civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma with real power in Russia. Ended the Revolution of 1905 | |
| 146247577 | Fundamental Laws | new constitution in Russia, 1906. | |
| 146247578 | Peter Stolypin | Russian chief minister who changed the electoral laws of the Duma. Tried to encourage enterprising peasants. | |
| 146247579 | Reichstag | popularly elected German lower house. | |
| 146247580 | Kulturkampf | Struggle against the Catholic Church by Bismarck. Failed. | |
| 146247581 | William II | Second German Emperor, forced Bismarck to resign when Bismarck tried to renew the law banning the Socialism Democratic Party. | |
| 146247582 | Adolphe Theirs | Leader of the national assembly. French | |
| 146258239 | Leon Gambetta | French politician from a humble background with great eloquence who helped establish Parliamentary supremacy | |
| 146258240 | Jules Ferry | under his leadership small towns and villages established free compulsory school for boys and girls as well as public tax supported schools. French | |
| 146258241 | John Stuart Mill | wanted to safeguard individual differences and unpopular opinion. English | |
| 146258242 | Disraeli | extended the right to vote to all middle-class males and the best-paid workers. English | |
| 146258243 | Third Reform Bill of 1884 | gave almost every male the right to vote in England | |
| 146258244 | People's budget | designed to increase spending on social welfare services in England. | |
| 146258245 | Ulsterites | Protestant Irishmen who wished to remain so. Centered in Ulster | |
| 146258246 | Zionism | belief in the creation of a Jewish state | |
| 146258247 | Revisionism | effort to modernize Marxian documents |
