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Chapter 25: The New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Flashcards

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2790268788AudienciasCourts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.0
2790268789Aztec empireCentral American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.1
2790268790ChristianityReligion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.2
2790268791Columbian ExchangeGlobal proliferation of plants, crops, animals, human populations, and diseases following Columbus' voyage.3
2790268792ConquistadoresSpanish adventurers like Cortes and Pizarro who conquered Central and South America in the sixteenth century.4
2790268793CriollosCreoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry.5
2790268794East India CompanyBritish joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces.6
2790268795EncomiendaSystem that gave the Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or fields.7
2790268796EngenhoBrazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar.8
2790268797HaciendaLarge Latin American estates.9
2790268798Inca EmpirePowerful South American empire that would reach its peak in the fifteenth century during the reigns of Pachacuti Inca and Topa Inca.10
2790268799Indentured laborLabor source in the Americas; wealthy planters would pay the European poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage.11
2790268800ManilaBusy port city that became the Spanish capital of the Philippines following Spanish conquest of the Philippines in 1565.12
2790268801Manila GalleonsHeavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.13
2790268802MestizoLatin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage.14
2790268803MulattoesBrazilians of mixed ancestry.15
2790268804MétisCanadian term for individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry.16
2790268805PeninsularesLatin American officials from Spain or Portugal.17
2790268806QuintoThe one-fifth of Mexican and Peruvian silver production that was reserved for the Spanish monarchy.18
2790268807RepartimientoSpanish labor system in Latin America, supposed to replace the encomienda system, in which native communities were compelled to provide laborers for the farms or mines and the Spanish employers were expected to pay fair wages.19
2790268808TainoA Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus.20
2790268809Treaty of ToresdillasTreaty (1494) dividing the world outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along the North-South meridian at 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands.21
2790268810United East India Company (VOC)Dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but with little government oversight.22
2790268811ZambosLatin American term for individuals born of indigenous and African parents.23
2790268812Treaty of ToresdillasTreaty (1494) dividing the world outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along the North-South meridian at 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands.24

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