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| 347121105 | Tanzimat Reforms | Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876. | 0 | |
| 347121106 | Young Turks | A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It Against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. Members of this group were progressive, modernist and opposed to the status quo. The movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period and trancended through the decline of the Ottoman Empire and into the new Turkish state. | 1 | |
| 347121107 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance. | 2 | |
| 347121108 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment. | 3 | |
| 347121109 | Mahdi | Real name Muhammad Achmad; head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descendant from Prophet; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities;took Khartoum in 1883. | 4 | |
| 347121110 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus. | 5 | |
| 347121111 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading in areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War. | 6 | |
| 347121112 | Opium War | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade. | 7 | |
| 347121113 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry. | 8 | |
| 347121114 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners. | 9 | |
| 347121115 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of chinese enhanced control by europeans and the power of provincial officials. | 10 | |
| 347121116 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912. | 11 | |
| 347121117 | indebtedness | The condition of being deeply in debt. | 12 |
