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| a) Treaties signed by fake leaders (Fort Laramie -1851 and Fort Atkinson-1853) b) Crooked gov. agents (moth-eaten blankets, spoiled beef) c) Indians reluctance to surrender culture | ||
| Discovery of gold. | ||
| a) Chief - Black Kettle b) 400 Indians killed (men, women & children knifed, scalped, clubbed, and mutilated) c) Sand Creek, Colorado d) 1864 e) Indians attacked undefended white settlements | ||
| a) Chief - Red Cloud b) 1866 c) Indians ambush Captain William Fetterman (warned they would fight to save hunting grounds) d) Trail Start: Fort Laramie, Wyoming Trail End: Bighorn mountains, Montana e) Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) f) Gov abandons Bozeman Trail | ||
| a) Where Sioux defeated Custer's 7th Cavalry b) Custer: 264 men Sioux: 2500 - 4000 men c) Chief - Sitting Bull d) June 25, 1876 - Montana | ||
| a) Want revenge b) Congress voted money for troops to fight Indians | ||
| a) Indians had no right to sell it b) "This land holds your father's body. Never sell the bones of your father and mother" ~ Joseph's dad | ||
| a) Nez Perce kill white settlers on march to Oregon b) Troops sent to capture them and send them to Kansas c) Chief Joseph decides to relocate to Canada (crosses Continental Divide to meet with Sitting Bull) | ||
| a) "I am tired of fighting" ~ Joseph told captors b) "It is cold and we have no bullets. The little children are freezing to death. My people have no blankets, no food. I will fight no more, forever." | ||
| Indians wore animal skin as disguises and creeped up on grazing buffalo herds. | ||
| a) Buffalo provided them with all necessities of life. b) Flesh was food, dried dung was fuel, and hides were clothing, lariats, and harnesses. c) Slain for hides, tongues, choice cuts, or amusement and few thousand were a live by 1885 | ||
| a) Improved transportation b) Made hunting buffalo and fighting other tribes & settlers easier. | ||
| Led to extermination of buffallo, which resulted in fighting and reservations. | ||
| a) Difficult to reach by wagon b) Less desirable farmland c) Unfriendly Indians | ||
| a) Final defeat of Plains Indians (1890) b) Ghost Dance c) South Dakota d) Whites killed/wounded 200 Indians (men, women, & children) with machine guns e) Ended fighting between US gov and Indians of western plains | ||
| a) Railroad construction b) Influx of settlers c) Slaughter of buffalo d) Discovery of gold/silever on Indian land e) Indian wars f) Indians forced to relocate to reservations. | ||
| Extended from Texas to Montana | ||
| a) "A Century of Dishonor" (1881) showed how gov. broke promises to Indians b) Created sympathy for Indians, esp. in the eastern US, motivating most of them to help the Indians c) Assimilation is suggested d) "Ramona" (1884) - love story of injustice tried to do for Indians what "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (Harriet Beecher Stowe) did for slaves | ||
| a) Divide reservation land into individual plots b) Provide Indians with about 160 acres of farmland c) US Citizenship granted to Indians if they stayed on land for 25 years and also "adopted the habits of a civilized life" d) Had to wait until 1924 to receive citizenship e) Indian Reorganization Act (1934) - partially reversed individualistic approach and tried to restore tribes of Indian life | ||
| a) Aimed to turn them into farmers b) Destroyed their tribal organization | ||
| a) Congress wrongly assumed Indians would be glad to assimilate in exchange for white American culture b) Indians not taught to farm c) Speculators bought their land d) Health services were poor | ||
| Showed no respect for Indian culture or way of life. | ||
| a) Silver found in Virginia City, Nevada in 1859 (mined from 1860-1890) b) "Big Bonanza" c) Yields $340 million in gold & silver of 30 years d) Attracts 1st substantial white population | ||
| Unbranded cattle. | ||
| a) Herding cattle from grazing land to railroad centers b) Things cowboys dreaded on the long drive i. Thunder ii. Lightning iii. Stampedes iv. Rivers/Drought c) Ended in late 1880's when overgrazing and a winter blizzard and drought in 1885-86 destroyed the grass | ||
| a) 160 acres of land if they lived on land for 5 years and paid $30 (1862) b) Native-born and immigrant families attempted to farm the Great Plains c) 1870-1900: 500,000 people d) Encouraged western migration and provided stimulus to the family farm; "the backbone of democracy" e) Hoax because half the people gave up their land because the Great Plains was plagued by drought f) Companies used "dummy" homesteaders to buy the best properties of timber, materials, and oil | ||
| a) 1st barbed wire fence b) Resolved fencing of cattle in vast open spaces of the Great Plains where lumber was scarce, changing the American west | ||
| a) Rise i. Abundant, inexpensive cattle on open range ii. Growing meat markets in Northern cities iii. Profitable cattle drives b) Fall i. Surplus cattle caused overgrazing ii. Overpopulation depreciated them iii. Sheep-raising and farming competed for lands iv. Homesteaders who used barbed wire limited the cattle frontier | ||
| Too little rain and no wood to build houses/fences. | ||
| a) Hot summers b) Cold winters with blizzards c) Prarie fires d) Grasshopper/boll weevil plagues e) Drought | ||
| a) Windmills, steel plows, steam engines, seeders, harrows, twine binders, and reapers helped increase farmers' prodctivity b) Barbed wire protected crops from animals c) Rural population decreased d) Increased output of grain, lowered the price, and drove them into debt | ||
| a) Thesis by Frederick Jackson Turner (1893) b) Focused on importance of existence of cheap, unsettled land; gov set aside landfor national parks like Yellowstone (1872) c) Frontier i. Critical in the development of American democracy ii. Increased self-reliance and independent nature of American culture iii. Provided a place for homeless and solved social problems as a "safety valve" through farming or mining iv. Aruged it was the cheif influence in shaping a distinctive American culture v. Ended romantic phase and created new economic/psychological problems vi. Made gov. role in social/economic development obvious d) Humanity would progress as long as there was new land to move to | ||
| a) 1st national farm organization - "Patrons of Husbandry" (1867) b) Oliver H. Kelley (Mason) c) Two announced purposes: i. Social ii. Educational iii. Also fraternal d) Stressed necessity of collective action by farmers but they were naturally invidualistic at this time e) Economic issue was cooperatives. Businesses owned & run by farmers saved costs charged by middlemen f) Downfall: return of prosperity in late 1870's g) Opposed corrupt business practices & monopolies, but supported relief for debtors | ||
| a) Set the rates railroads and grain warehouses could collect so farmers weren't overcharged b) Could businesses like railroads be regulated "in public interest"? c) "Munn vs. Illinois" ~ Supreme Court rules yes; Grange laws are constitutional d) State could regulate businesses of public nature (railroads) | ||
| a) Prices were gauged by railroads b) Grangers promoted that the railroad was a public utility and should be regulated by the gov | ||
| a) Farmers believed prosperity depended on good crop production b) Produced more crops to meet increased demand c) Received lower prices when their supply of crops exceeded the demand d) Success was inversely proportional to world success | ||
| a) Founded in 1878; composed of prarie farmers who went into debt during the Panic of 1873 b) Fought for increased monetary circulation with paper money c) Bimetallism - both gold & silver as legal trade d) Supported inflation thinking it would benefit debtors e) Sought benefits for labor i. Shorter working hours ii. National Labor Bureau f) Wanted gov. to print more greenbacks g) Ran General James B. Weaver in the elction of 1880 | ||
| a) Founded in 1870's; focused on cooperation among farmers b) Southern & Great Plains farmers became frustrated with low crop prices and mired in: i. Sharecropping ii. Crop Lien System c) Agreed to sell crops at the same high price to eliminate competition, but unsuccessful d) Wanted to keep railroads/manufactures from cooperative buying and selling e) Weakened itself by ignoring plight of landless tenant farmers and excluding blacks f) Resulted in the Populist Party | ||
| a) Illustrated with cartoons - "Coin's Financial School" b) Taught millions of mad Americans that their troubles were caused by a conspiracy of rich bankers c) Prosperity would return only if the gov coined silver in unlimited quantities d) William Henry published this in 1894 | ||
| a) Small group of unemployed workers b) Began making protest marches to seek gov. relief c) 1894 d) "Commonweal Army" | ||
| a) Federal gov. should spend $500 million improving rural roads, and lend money to state & local govs. for other public works projects b) Work should be done by unemployed c) $500 million and money lent to local govs. should be printed by the treasury d) Inflation of money supply would rise prices e) Seemed radical in 1894, but in 1934, it was a reasonable soultion regarding deflation and unemployment in a depression | ||
| a) Organized all types of railroad workers into an industrial union - "American Railway Union" b) Socialist approach viewed gov. and owners as enemies of workers c) Organized the Pullman Strike | ||
| a) Unskilled industrial workers could organize b) If organized, they could win strikes if united at all times | ||
| a) No i. Living in a company town restricts freedom ii. Can't criticize the company b) Yes i. Provided housing ii. Job security | ||
| Could not afford to quit their jobs or live elsewhere. | ||
| a) Chicago, 1894 - Started by enraged workers who lived in Pullman's "model town" b) Pullman refused to negotiate and troops were brought in c) Pullman cut wages, but not rents or store prices when orders for Pullman cars slowed d) Eugene Debs was tried for contempt of court ( disobeyed the injunction against the union) e) Saw proof of an allaince against working people between: i. Big businesses ii. Federal gov iii. Courts f) Not supported by the AF of L | ||
| Strike seen as interefering with federal gov function: mail delivery | ||
| Thousands of union members were alarmed by his use of the army to break a strike. | ||
| a) Dominant Republican businessman & politician b) Republican boss of Cleveland c) Prime function of gov was to aid business; believed prosperity trickled down to the laborer d) Realized Mckinley was a poor orator, but good-looking e) Arranged to conduct a "front porch" campaign (stayed at home) f) Railroads, banks, oil, and meat-packing firms gave McKinely's campaign $3.5 million g) 200 million pieces of literature, averaging about 14 per voter, were printed in 12 language besides English h) Effective political advertising campaign i) Leaned toward gold even though McKinely wanted silver before | ||
| a) Free silverites wanted money backed with silver (cheap money) and supported Bryan b) Goldbugs wanted money backed only with gold (stable currency or hard money) and supported McKinely | ||
| a) Republican i. Nominated McKinely ii. Ran on issues of high tariffs & gold standard iii. Supported business interest iv. Favored food and jobs v. Supported by East and North b) Deomcrats i. Nominated Bryan ("Nebraska Cyclone") ii. Ran on the issue in the "Cross of Gold" speech iii. Supported the Populist Party iv. Favored inflation v. Supported by West and South vi. Defeat marked the last mostly agrain vote | ||
| Populists backed Bryan instead of running their own candidate, causing their downfall. | ||
| a) Protective b) Replaces the Wilson - Gorman Tariff (couldn't raise enough revenue to cover Treasury deficits) c) Pushed by big northern industries/businesses | ||
| a) All paper money had to be backed by gold b) Gov. had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided to trate in their money c) Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates to continue | ||
| Gov. could not create money at will because they needed gold to back it. | ||
| a) All diverse in the 16th century - communication depended on a special sign language b) Women - farmers (coaxed lush gardens of pumpkins, squash, corn, and beans) c) Bison: i. Horns and hoves - spoons ii. Intestines - Containers iii. Sinews - strong bowstrings iv. Hair - ropes v. Meat - pemmican (food) d) Used steeds from the Spanish instead of wheelless carts called "travois" (dragged by dogs); caused wars of agression and revenge to become frequent e) Found themselves on reservation trying to preserve culture; believe whites ruined their way of life | ||
| a) People's Party b) Early 1890's - started from Farmer's Alliance c) Wanted: i. Nationalized railorads, telephone, and telgraph ii. Graduated income tax iii. Creation of a new federal "sub treasury" iv. Free/unlimited coinage of silver | ||
| a) Accompanied by: i. Less voters in elections ii. Weakening of party organizations iii. Fading away of money issues and civil-service reform and concern for industrial regulation and welfare of labor b) New political era was called the "fourth party system" |
