1865-1896
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| 1364982431 | Sitting Bull | American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War | 0 | |
| 1364982432 | George A. Custer | United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. defeated and killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, against a coalition of Native American tribes composed almost exclusively of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors. "Last Stand" | 1 | |
| 1364982433 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations | 2 | |
| 1364982434 | Geronimo | Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona. | 3 | |
| 1364982435 | Helen Hunt Jackson | A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. | 4 | |
| 1364982436 | William F. Cody | Buffalo Bill; he was an American adventurer, soldier, and showman of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His popular "Wild West Show," begun in the 1880s, featured acts such as the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, mock battles between Native Americans and army troops, and breathtaking displays of cowboy skills and horsemanship. | 5 | |
| 1364982437 | Oliver H. Kelley | considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good. | 6 | |
| 1364982438 | William Hope Harvey | Wrote a popular pamphlet titled Coin's Financial School; this pamphlet overwhelmed the bankers and professors of economics with his brilliant arguments on behalf of free silver | 7 | |
| 1364982439 | Mary Elizabeth Lease | became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation. | 8 | |
| 1364982440 | Frederick Jackson Turner | American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. | 9 | |
| 1364982441 | James B. Weaver | American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate (1880) and as the Populist candidate (1892). | 10 | |
| 1364982442 | Jacob S. Coxey | a wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts | 11 | |
| 1364982443 | Eugene V. Debs | leader of the american railway union, he voted to aid workers in the pullman strike. he was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. | 12 | |
| 1364982444 | William McKinley | 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist | 13 | |
| 1364982445 | Marcus Alonzo Hanna | Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics. | 14 | |
| 1364982446 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) | 15 | |
| 1364982447 | Sioux Wars | lasted from 1876-1877. gold-greedy miners rushed into native american land, breaking treaties. sitting bull v. Custer until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. native americans were forced into canada until they starved or surrendered | 16 | |
| 1364982448 | Nez Perce | in 1877 Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry. Before this retreat the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 Army soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,600 miles toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and an Indian nation | 17 | |
| 1364982449 | Apache | any member of Athapaskan tribes that migrated to the southwestern desert (from Arizona to Texas and south into Mexico); , the language of the Apache people | 18 | |
| 1364982450 | Battle of Wounded Knee | A 1890 battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance", which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act. | 19 | |
| 1364982451 | Dawes Severalty Act | An action that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers. (Taking children) | 20 | |
| 1364982452 | Battle of the Little Big Horn | A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also known as "Custer's last Stand." In two days, June 25 & 26, 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain in the reservations and the Native Americans tried to defend territory from white gold-seekers. This Indian advantage did not last long,however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and the United States Army soon exacted retribution. | 21 | |
| 1364982453 | Buffalo Soldiers | Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s | 22 | |
| 1364982454 | Comstock Lode | First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada. | 23 | |
| 1364982455 | Long Driver | moving of cattle from distant ranges to busy railroad centers that shipped the cattle to market | 24 | |
| 1364982456 | Homestead Act | A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward - moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land. | 25 | |
| 1364982457 | Sooner State | Oklahoma's nickname because about 500.000 people illegal entered that state before it became an offical state in 1907 | 26 | |
| 1364982458 | Safety-valve theory | This states that when hard times hit, the unemployed move west, took up farming and became prosperous. With the close of the frontier the less fortunate had no place to start a new life, thus leading to urban overcrowding and inner city problems. | 27 | |
| 1364982459 | Bonanza farms | Large scale farms often over 50,000 acres, where farmers set up companies to operate | 28 | |
| 1364982460 | National Grange | social and educational organization for farmers | 29 | |
| 1364982461 | Granger laws | Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional | 30 | |
| 1364982462 | Farmers' Alliance | A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy | 31 | |
| 1364982463 | Colored Farmers National Alliance | More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org. | 32 | |
| 1364982464 | Populist (People's) Party | The Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that the U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a gradual income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver. | 33 | |
| 1364982465 | Coin's Financial School | popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors | 34 | |
| 1364982466 | Coxey's Army | a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time | 35 | |
| 1364982467 | Pullman Strike | 1894 - Strike by railway workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed forces to combat work stoppages. | 36 | |
| 1364982468 | Cross of Gold Speech | An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold. | 37 | |
| 1364982469 | Gold Bugs | referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver | 38 | |
| 1364982470 | 16 to 1 | The ratio of silver to gold promoted by Bryan's Democratic political platform in 1896. | 39 | |
| 1364982471 | Fourth party system | A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy. | 40 | |
| 1364982472 | Dingley Tariff Bill | passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits. | 41 | |
| 1364982473 | Gold Standard Act | Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign.. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation. | 42 | |
| 1364982474 | Reservation System | The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times. | 43 | |
| 1364982475 | Mining Industry | After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the 19th century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to the U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines. | 44 | |
| 1364982476 | Mechanization of Agriculture | The development of engine-driven machines,like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence. | 45 |
