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| 6245865276 | Selim II | Did reform efforts aimed at building a new army and navy which angered powerful factions without bureaucracy. Eventually assassinated by Janissaries. |  | 0 |
| 6245867968 | Mahmud II | He was a reformer who built a small skillful army which took out the weakened Janisarries. He made the ayan respect him and implemented mainly western reforms. He created a large military establishment and diplomatic corps, and trained them well. |  | 1 |
| 6245869453 | Tanzimat Reforms | A series of (Egyptian) reforms from 1839-1876. Included universities, European education, state railway and telegraph systems, newspapers, and extensive legal reforms. The local artisans where negatively affected by these and women received no higher ground. |  | 2 |
| 6245872730 | Abdul Hamid | He responded to growing threat of westernization by returning to despotic absolutism. He took away freedoms and the constitution and arrested and killed dissidents. He continued many of the reforms in the Tazimat like railway and telegraph and education. |  | 3 |
| 6245872731 | Young Turks | They made their way bloodlessly into power. They wanted to keep the Ottoman regime but bring back the constitution and the reforms. |  | 4 |
| 6245876824 | Mamluks | They began as slaves but proceeded to rule Egypt. Their leader was Murad. They were shamefully defeated by Napoleon, who ended up abandoning them and leaving them with independence still. (Unite imposed British control) |  | 5 |
| 6245876825 | Muhammad Ali | He took over Egypt after the French left. He introduced a very effective western style army with peasant conscription and improved the economy a little bit. But Egypt did not transform socially. After his death, the khedives take power. |  | 6 |
| 6245878394 | Khedives | The inept descendants of Muhammad Ali who spent money foolishly and were dependent on Europe. |  | 7 |
| 6245880778 | Suez Canal | The completion of this canal made this land very valuable to Europeans who could use it to access their colonies (Especially brits) |  | 8 |
| 6245894451 | Al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh | Thinkers who stressed the need for muslims to brow scientific learning and technology from the west to improve themselves. Stressed rational inquiry. |  | 9 |
| 6245898061 | Ahmad Orabi | The leader of riots against the khedives which led to the khedive to ask for help from the British, solidifying British control over Egypt. | 10 | |
| 6245898062 | Mahdi | Muhammad Ahmed was a leader who united the Egyptians because he promised deliverance because descendent of Muhammad. Led a violent assault on Egyptians and used guerrilla tactics and won a large portion of land. Khalifa Abdallahi built a strong conservative state. Eventually taken back by Europeans. |  | 11 |
| 6245899448 | Nurhaci | Local Manchu leader who organized eight banner armies which became the Qing dynasty. Mostly because of Ming weakness and they ruled a large area. |  | 12 |
| 6245901383 | Kangxi | Signifigant Confucian schlolar and also early Manchu leader. Kept Chinese and confucian ideals alive. |  | 13 |
| 6245903715 | Compradors | The new merchant class that developed in China were called the compradors. Under the Manchus merchants gained much wealth and power. |  | 14 |
| 6245906698 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official who was opposed to the Opium trade in china by the Europeans. He attempted to stamp it out. Exiled later. | 15 | |
| 6245906708 | Opium War | Fought between British and wing China beginning in 1839. Lin Zexu does not want opium in China but the european merchants desperately want to keep their hold. British victory--> increased influence in China. |  | 16 |
| 6245909175 | Taiping Rebellion | Led by little bit crazy guy named Hong Xiuquan. Led to establishment of territory in south-central China where there were massive reforms against the confucian elite, and also improved literacy, and liberation of women. Eventually dissipated pretty harshly. |  | 17 |
| 6245910717 | Cixi | In response to the self-strengthening movement and reforms, this empress crushed reform and executed her opposers. She wasted money on this big marble boat. Secretly backed Boxer Rebellion |  | 18 |
| 6245913685 | Boxer Rebellion | A rebellion against foreign influence in China. |  | 19 |
